2
2
2018
1682060040263_53
12-34
http://www.alilmjournal-gcwus.com/index.php/al-ilm/article/download/107/85
http://www.alilmjournal-gcwus.com/index.php/al-ilm/article/view/107
Interfaith Dialogue modern challenges Prophet Seerahﷺ solution
INTRODUCTION:
Interfaith dialogical activities have been one of the most important and most vigorous topics in different ages of the human history for the sake of peace and peaceful coexistence. But the actual issues and spirit of interfaith dialogue and relations have been discussed after the everlasting Prophesy of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. With the passage of time it has been part of human cultural and intellectual discourse, thought and civilization in different segments of the human history . Now a day, it has gotten all the zeal and zest from both Islamic and Christian perspectives due to some seen and unseen reasons. Contemporary era is counted as the era of interfaith, intercultural and inter-civilization dialogues. Many efforts have been done to bring different communities and faiths of the world closer to each other. According to a vital research study on interfaith dialogue issue;
“The 20th century is considered as the most notable era for the promotion of interfaith dialogue and other interreligious activities among different religious communities. Many interfaith activities were launched to bring closer different faiths, specially, the adherents of Abrahamic faiths: Jews, Christians and Muslims. For this purpose, the foremost initiative was taken by Muslims and Christians scholars, in 1950s”.[1]
Categorically, Islam recognizes the status and respect of other faiths and communities at all without any racial, colour and language discrimination. Therefore, the Holy Prophet ﷺever first in the human history in the human history prophet Muhammad is the first ever personality who accepted the identity of other faiths and involved them in sociopolitical and socioeconomic affairs of the city state of Madīnah. The Jews, Christians and Polytheists were treated as equal and respected citizens of the state at that time and after it. The door of meaningful interfaith discussion and mutual cooperation were opened for all faiths and communities of the society. The fundamental sources of Islamic Sharī’ah ( Divine law), Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), thought and civilization promote it frequently. According to a scholarly opinion of Muhammad Ammārah on Islam and Interfaith relations;
“The Charter of Madīnah, by which Muhammad ﷺ is recognized as the head of the state provides the constitution of the city-state of Madīnah, is characterized by pluralism and liberty, relatively different from the nation-states which are fabricated around an ethnic and linguistic society. It arranges the standard of communal liability of the (multiethnic) groups”.[2]
To improve socioeconomic development and interfaith relations, the Holy Prophet ﷺ set some special parameters and principles of dialogue and discussion with other faiths. These principles may be freedom of religion, mutual respect and cooperation, understanding, interfaith tolerance, focusing on common issues, participation in state and social activities etc. As a result, the history is eye witness of this conduct that Muslim rulers and public care these principles and promote them in all ages of the Muslim Governance without any partiality. Although later on, the spirit of Islamic Governance and roles of righteous caliphate was not followed properly but the overall dealings and relations with non-Muslims have considerably been good in the different phases of Islamic History. A renowned Muslim scholar and researcher Dr. Muhammad Hamīdullah pointed out many agreements of the Holy Prophet ﷺwith non-Muslims which had provided them respect, protections and rights.
However, it is observed, modern era is not considered best for minorities in East and the West both due to some academic and nonacademic reasons. They are facing many challenges and troubles and issues for peace, tolerance, mutual relationship and peaceful coexistence in all over the world up till now. Unfortunately, due to national and international hyper potical environment Pakistan is also included in one of them. It is keenly suggested if we want to overcome these issues and challenges then we must follow the Prophet’s Seerah ﷺ instructions regarding interfaith dialogue and mutual coexistence in a pluralistic society like Pakistan. In this study, efforts are made to explore contemporary challenges and their solutions in the light of the Seerah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ from current Pakistani sociopolitical context
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERFAITH DIALOGUE:
Interfaith dialogue, debates and discussions have been a pivotal part of most significant activities in different phases of the human history. Especially it seems a momentous activity in Muslim-Christian perspectives in contemporary era. Doubtlessly, it has become a burning issue of today on both the national and international levels. Particularly, when we are living in the age of globalization and the exponents of the clash of Civilizations are found to be at their peaks with such serious context it is highly notable that the interfaith dialogue seeks to achieve peace, tolerance and harmony between world religions, communities, faiths and civilizations. We can use the tool of positive and fruitful dialogue in order to remove conflict, clashes and contrives from different communities of the contemporary world. It also acts as a of bridge and helps in keeping different faiths and communities of the world closer to each other. According to S. Wesley’s analysis ;
The dialogue has always been a necessity for mutual understanding and communication between Muslims and Christians, because both of the religions have several issues in common. We believe in one God, Prophet-hood and Divine revelation, we respect Jesus, Merry and Angles. We interact socially, religiously and politically in number of issue. We can be married with each other, we can eat and share the several occasions of grief and happiness. We can search many issues of dialogue for common understanding peace and prosperity. Therefore, Book of Allah differentiates the people of book, specially the Christians from others. Almighty Allah pronounces in the Glorious Quran most likely;
“And nearest among them in love to the believers wilt thou find those who say, "We are Christians": because amongst these are men devoted to learning and men who have renounced the world, and they are not arrogant.”
Moreover the kind conduct of the Holy Prophet ﷺ justifies our sympathetic and kind approach towards minorities. The holy Prophet ﷺ explains the behavioral approach towards the non-Muslim minorities acceptable clarifications ;
“The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Beware, if anyone wrongs a contracting man, or diminishes his right, or forces him to work beyond his capacity, or takes from him anything without his consent, I shall plead for him on the Day of Judgment( Youm al-Qiyāmah)”.[6]
We can find out beautiful examples of the Prophet kind relationship and conduct with non-Muslims minorities including People of the Book. It is narrated by a prominent Seerah writer Muhammad bin Abdulamlik in Seerah al-Nabvīyyah; “He actively protected the rights and freedom of the people of the Book, honored those beliefs and traditions that he shared with them and treated them with courtesy and respect. He ensured the religious freedom of people of the Book in Madīnah time to time”.[7] Furthermore , according to most important statement of Imam Baidhāvī: “when a delegation of Christian from Najrān came to negotiate a pact with the Prophet ﷺ he courteously allowed them to pray in the Mosque (Masjid of the Holy Prophet ﷺ) which lasted the whole day.”[8] Likewise a renowned scholar and dialogue expert Hassan Muhammad Bāgil describes the Muslim-Christian dialogue and relations as :
“We (Christians-Muslims) believe in the One God, who sent many Prophets into this world for the guidance of humanity. We both also believe in Jesus as the Messiah, and as the Word of God, which is denied by the Jews.”[9]
Islam is the religion of cooperation and understanding so it offers plenty of dialogue to all faiths and communities for peace and mutual cooperation. Hence as a result according to the Islamic point of view, Dialogue with wisdom (Hikmah) is a good tool of Islamic Da’wah (Preaching). As Allah says in the Holy Quran;
“Invite (all) to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching; and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious.”
On another place the Holy Quran discusses the manners of dialogue with people of the Book in a special way and recommends a modest and humble way to interact with them;
In addition to it, many Nobel sayings (Ahādīth) of the kind Prophet ﷺ also describe its vital role. interfaith dialogue has gotten all of its fertility and productivity mainly because of preaching and spread of Islam, because Muslim plays an active role in participation of Dialogue is due to mutual understanding, peace and preaching of Islam. The Messenger of Allah Muhammad ﷺ said about good communication, “Convey the message even if it is only one verse."[12] It is also required to be noted that It is also noted, Muslim participation in interfaith dialogue is due to mutual understanding and preaching . Muslims are not font of just dialogue for dialogue in any phase of the history they are interested to join a fruitful and productive discussion It is the historical fact that Muslims have always promoted dialogue through fruitful and meaningful discussion. Here, Dr. Muhammad Ataullah Siddīqī expediently commented;
"Muslim participation in dialogue needs to be seen first in a theological perspective and secondly as an encounter with Christianity in the contemporary situation. Furthermore, the dialogue is about communicating with other faiths, with other community to create better understanding."[13]
It has also been frequently observed that interfaith dialogue is also significance in Christian theological and social perspective because they put it their religious survival, missions and preaching of Christianity in all over the world. A renowned Christian scholar and remarkable Christian dialogue expert Father James Channan whispered about the need and importance of interfaith Dialogue in Pakistani Christian perspective, “There is a need to help our people realize that a dialogue with Muslims is must in Pakistan. There is no future for the church in Pakistan without dialogue”.[14] Another important contribution of Christian in interfaith dialogue is spread of Christian missions. Positively or negatively, the spread of Christian mission under the umbrella of interfaith activities have always been important activities of church. Although Muslim scholars have been sow their concerns and reservations but throughout the history these missionary activities are the major constituent of Christian church. According to a research study of their own witness; “Dialogue in its very nature is a missionary activity. It is, to Catholic Church a means to expand the mission of Christ and lead the people to eternal salvation by converting them to Christianity.”[15]
It is perceived that in modern ages, the Muslim- Christian dialogue has emerged with all of its importance and necessity especially being the part of civilized society and age of religious diversity all kinds of conflicts and clashes are managed and tackled through a meaningful dialogue and constructive discussion. Here, Prof. Dr. Israel Fāroqī rightly argued about the contemporary significance of interfaith dialogue;
“In contemporary era the world is passing through an ideological clash and encounter. Every civilization, faith and thought is trying to make self-dominant it on the others with the usage of available resources and powers Sometimes this clash of civilization becomes the core reason of practical bloodshed wars and controversies. In this crucial situation, the meaningful and constructive dialogue is a right direction to overcome these serous issues”.[16]
Consequently , in future Interfaith dialogue will be the necessary activity for the both communities, Muslims as well as Christians for peaceful co-existence and mutual cooperation on national and international levels, thus the scholars and representatives of both of the communities Christians and Muslims should try to get sufficient knowledge with deeper understandings and to improve their skills and representations in this important field of research, study and practice.
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES;
Contemporary era is counted as the era of globalization and most developed shape of thoughts, civilizations and faiths. Every faith and community want to become supreme and superpower on the surface of the earth . Specially the global powers want to run and implement their laws, rules and regulations as world order. They want to rule the world dominantly by hook or by crook. Their socioeconomic, sociopolitical and geostrategic interests made the world’s politics a pile of ammunition where a minute mistake can destroy it. Thus, in this hard situation, doubtlessly, interfaith and inter civilization dialogue is key solutions of these huge national and international issues and problems with common sense wisdom and spirit. For that purpose there is need to analyze the contemporary challenges and obstacles in terms of mutual understanding, peaceful coexistence, interfaith dialogue and harmony. According to a research study on interfaith dialogue objectives; “The basic goal of interfaith dialogue is to establish an ideal society where people have commission for the suffering of others, where people can care the each other, where they do not hurt each other , where the system of production and distribution are humane, rational and ethical”.[17]
This kind of understanding and objectives of dialogue may help to solve the serious issues and controversies of the contemporary world. For that purpose there is call of hour to discuss the obstacles and challenges to solve them in accordance with common wisdom. In the following points I would like to throw light upon some most important contemporary obstacles and challenges of interfaith dialogue and their solutions in light of the Nobel Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. #
Historical conflicts and clashes;
“The Christian and Muslim civilizations are geographical neighbors, and there is long diversified history of frequent tension, acute rivalry, armed conflict, military alliance across religious lines, (as well as) peaceful cultural exchange, economic traffic and occasional cooperation. Some would have us believe that the past of these two civilization necessarily fixes their future”.[18]
“A major problem in the relations between Islamic and “Western-type” cultures is a deficiency of mutual understanding. An especially negative specific effect of this incommensurability is the frightening image of Islam. Islam is perceived in many cases as intolerant, and culturally inflexible; that is, it is unready to make compromises for the sake of peaceful coexistence with Western types of social behavior”.[19]
In this constant state of tension and conflict situation between both communities of Muslims and Christians, Islamic and the Western world, it is challenging that we have to initiate some flexible, positive and successful steps for a meaningful interfaith dialogue.#
Challenge of the religious and cultural identity:
This aggressive identity issues have arisen some questions on religious understanding and peaceful coexistence on the majority of community. For example, this complaint is common in Muslim countries from non-Muslim minorities as well as from Muslim minority in Christian Europe and Hindu India that their identity is being vanished from main stream of socioeconomic and sociopolitical spheres. They do not trust on majority due to some serious reasons. According to an interesting and informative study on minority behavior;
The situation would be continuous As far as the relationship between Islam and West ; Christian and Muslims are not so good but worst and tensed even in the civilized, modern and so called plural Europe and America. According to the research study of W. Shahid and PS Van Koningsveled;
These are only some examples the rest of the complete picture is the ugly depiction of Muslim Christian interfaith dialogue though out the centuries the history. Thus, the identity and image of both the communities is not good. In this tense and difficult situation the starts of dialogue is really a difficult task but obviously not impossible.#
Lack of consensus on objectives, issues, approaches and direction
Definitely if the definition and objectives of the dialogue are so far from each other than how can we get unanimous results of this dialogue. Furthermore the issues, approaches and direction of interfaith dialogue also differs from community to community in every country and society, especially in Muslims and Christian perspectives. Another research study elaborates it in this way;
“The main reason regarding controversy of this dialogue is that every individuals and parties have involvement in this dialogue for its own interest and objective. It is found in a study that many groups of scholars, institutes, organizations and even governments have involved in it. Everyone has its own objectives and agenda even many secular, liberal and political parties are also promoting this dialogue”.[24]
The Muslim and Christian scholars also does not agreed up on the approaches and direction of the contemporary interfaith dialogue. Muslims concern is theological and preaching based while the Christian involvement is due to sociopolitical , harmony and missionary purpose. This kind of difference creates a kind of obstacles and challenges to starts a successful and meaningful dialogue among different communities. Here, I am agreed with the suggestion of a dialogue of comparative religious scholar Dr. M. Moddassir Ali. He once articulates ;
“If we want to establish a fruitful dialogue between Muslims and Christians Communities of Pakistan, we should completely revise the present direction and strategy and approach of the dialogue because it does not match with the temperament and interests of Pakistani Muslim society.”[25]
Misunderstanding and misconception and lack of awareness
“ It is a fact that Pakistani Muslims scholars hardly play a role in interfaith dialogue whenever and wherever it was organized. There are some misunderstandings regarding dialogue in Pakistan. There is a huge gap between followers of Islam and others. No proper interaction is founded among the people. The followers of every religion have their own ideologies which obstruct them from mixing with others”.[26]
“Interfaith dialogue in itself is a good activity but the modern movement of dialogue has negative impact on Pakistani Muslim society and one of the most important negative impacts of this dialogue is to spread liberalism and secularism in Pakistani Muslim society.”[27]
Here, question arises why these kinds of misconceptions and misunderstandings are being created? According to my humble opinion, sometimes use of less careful language creates such situation . For example, when Christian community says that interfaith dialogue and missionary activities are equal to each other but a sense of reservation is created from Muslim side especially in Pakistani context. As an example; a Pakistani Christian scholar Michal Nazir Ali writes bravely in a research paper likewise about objectives of the dialogue;
if we want to initiate and carry interfaith dialogue in a legally announced Islamic country then I think there is no need of the usage of this kind of demonstration in an academic or public forum. It is also noted, some serious efforts have found to be done in order to remove these misconception from the mind of Muslim scholars but they have reservations and show concerns that these activities intestinally are used to promote this kind of scenario.#
Lack of comprehensive participation, spirits, skills and eligibility:
It’s really a challenge in interfaith dialogue process that sometimes inexperience and untrained person create a serious problem and conflict in the process of peace and harmony. It is the foundational success of dialogue depends upon the common sense, intellectual capacity and sprit based interesting in interfaith dialogue activity but unfortunately these qualities lacks in this context . A Christian scholar and dialogue expert understand this critical situation alike;
“The ground reality is that the common people do not know anything about the spirit and nature of this interfaith dialogue. They are rather confuse about it (or do not take part actively). Some people consider it mixing of different religious faiths. Some people consider their first and foremost duty to oppose this dialogue and declares statements against it”.[30]
It is noted that due to nonsense and non-academic issues, the interfaith dialogue and social harmony have been interrupted and the national peace and development process in Pakistani society have failed to achieve their goal and height. For that purpose there is need of time to arrange special workshops and training program from public and private sector higher education institutions of Pakistan to promote meaningful dialogue process.#
Lack of Pluralism, mutual confidence, tolerance, equality and respect
“Religious pluralism must be distinguished from religious diversity, the reality and presence of a variety of types and forms of religious expressions. This is minimal religious pluralism. The essence of religious pluralism is not regalia but relationships. What is the relation of the content of the various faiths in a community? What is their common history, if any? What are their status and power relations? How do they relate to each other? What are some common humanity efforts that can be planned and worked on jointly?”.[31]
In most of the societies, rather they are in the east or the West, the religious minorities face disrespect, intolerance and inequality. These things are very dangerous and creates hurdles and obstacles in the way of constructive dialogue among different regions and communities. The study of original sources of the religion is necessary for that purpose but unfortunately the religious scholars of both faiths are not paying proper attention on this most pivotal problem of the society. An Islamic scholarly opinion on this foremost issue;
“The source of information for the followers of other religions living in Pakistan about the other religion is (often) based up on prejudiced and partial religious literature which creates confusion and apprehension among them. The young followers and learners of any religion begins to considers the other religions and their followers inferior”.[32]
The undue misconceptions, lack of mutual conference and active interfaith relations, absence of reasonable tolerance and mutual cooperation are the biggest challenges in the way of promotion and conduction of fruitful interfaith dialogue in all over the globe and especially in Muslim-Christian opponents of the East and the West.#
“Since the creation of Pakistan, there has been a long debate in the country whether Pakistan should be a secular or theoretic (Islamic) state? In this background we organized this dialogue between the representatives of various schools of thoughts in the country. This international seminar was held from 10-12th December, 1998 at the Christian Study Centre with the collaboration of the Christian Study Centre and Fredrick Neumann- Foundation Islamabad (FNF). 40 participants attended this seminar from all over the country.”[33]
“If we intensively study the socio-political influences of this interfaith dialogue movement, we may openly observe, this interreligious dialogue has some undesirable political effects and positive also in Pakistani Muslim socio-religious context. Therefore, according to some Muslim scholars the CSC( an active representative of modern interfaith dialogue) is hidden promoting a secular political agenda in Pakistan in the name of interfaith dialogue”.[34]
Additionally, the campaign and resistance against blasphemy laws is also a big challenge and obstacle against Muslim-Christian dialogue. It is noted that Christian scholars with the special help and academic assistance of secular Pakistani scholars actively running a campaign against blasphemy laws and Islamic identity of Pakistan. In most of the programs they start and finish with the demand of complete abolishment of blasphemy laws. Many reasonable Pakistani scholars of Islamic studies have given them guarantee and argument but they are not ready to agree. Once Dr. Mahmud Ahmad Ghazi, a top most Pakistani scholar (ex-minister of religious affairs and president of International Islamic University) said;
SOLUTION IN THE LIGHT OF THE PROPHET’S SEERAH
“Say: O People of the Book! come to common terms as between us and you: That we worship none but Allah; that we associate no partners with him; ”.
“Let there be no compulsion in religion: Truth stands out clear from Error: whoever rejects evil and believes in Allah hath grasped the most trustworthy hand-hold, that never breaks. And Allah heareth and knoweth all things”.
The divine conduct of the prophet ﷺ and impact of Islamic teachings is witness of that behavior that non-Muslims had availed complete religious freedom and protection throughout the Islamic history. Methāq-e-Madīnah a peace pact between Muslims and others faiths of Madīnah is an ever green example and model of this conduct. It was the salient feature of the pact that every party shall enjoy its religious freedom with complete spirit. According to an important clause of this peace pact;
On the behalf of this golden principle from the Holy Prophet ﷺ it can be said the non-Muslims have enjoyed complete religious freedom under the Islamic rule (Khilafat and later on empire). If we want to establish and conduct constructive dialogue we should also adopt this most significant principle of Islamic Shar’īah in contemporary era also.
The third most significant code of conduct and solution for modern interfaith challenges in Pakistan is ‘’provision of interfaith respect, equality, tolerance and mutual confidence to the minorities’’. According to Islamic teachings respect and equality is most necessary right for all human being without any social, religious, ethnic and racial discrimination. The book of Allah confirms to all humanity for many times
The paramount understanding of this verse of the Glorious Quran is a sayings of the kind Prophet ﷺ which is narrated by a famous Imam of Hadith Ahmad bin Hambal. The messenger of Allah Prophet Muhammad ﷺannounced on the day of the last sermon;
“O People, Your Lord is one, your father is one. So, be aware, there is no superiority of an Arab over non-Arab, White over Black and Red over Black except for piety (al-Taqwā)”.[42]
The jurists has consensus up on this issue if the non-Muslim lives under the protection of Islamic state they will enjoy all legal rights as well as sociopolitical. According to the landmark judgment of a classical Hanfī jurists;
“If the non-Muslim chose to live under the Muslim State and agree to pay it taxes, they will enjoy the same rights and privileges as are enjoyed by the Muslims at large. Similarly, they will be asked to discharge same obligation as the Muslims are required to discharge”.[43]
The fourth most vital principle is the crucial solution to improve and promote meaningful interfaith relations and dialogue in contemporary era so that the Islamic principle of communication must be adopt in all levels. The first most thing is to call the people with most respectable and wise manners . Many verses of the Holy Quran discusses this core principle of discussion dialogue and communication . Here, just recommended one of them in surah an-Nhal in a most beautiful way;
“Invite (all) to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching; and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious.”
The Holy take another most vital step and prohibit the Muslim believers to involve with non-Muslims without any concern and need.
“And dispute ye not with the People of the Book, except with means better (than mere disputation), unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong ”
Another place Almighty Allah strictly prohibit to abuse the fake idols of the non-believers .
وَلَا تَسُبُّوا الَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ فَيَسُبُّوا اللَّهَ عَدْوًا بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ كَذَٰلِكَ زَيَّنَّا لِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ عَمَلَهُمْ[46]
Here ,the Prophet ﷺ whispered about the way of discussion and advised to talk in the most vigilant manner with non-Muslims specially with Christians;
“Do not believe the People of the Book and do not deny them. Say: "We believe in Allah and what has been revealed to us and what has been revealed to you. Our God and your God is one, and to Him we have submitted”.[47]
Another place the Nobel teachings of the kind Messenger of Allah ﷺ guides us toward good communication most likely; “Whoever believes in Allah and the Dooms Day let him say good words or otherwise keeps silent”.[48]Thus, it can be comprehended as the ethics of disagreement with other( non-Muslims) for promotion of interfaith relations and dialogue . Here, Prof. Dr. Tāhā Jabir al-Ulwānī gives valid justification on difference of opinion;
These are some most important solutions and cures of contemporary challenges and obstacles regarding interfaith dialogue , harmony and relations specially in Pakistan and generally worldwide . Definitely the interfaith challenges and issues are increasing day by day all over the world due to polarization and hate against religion and minorities but we cannot sit idle and helpless. We must show our commitment and capacity to solve these issues. For that purpose we must follow the divine instructions of the Book of Allah and model of excellence of the beloved Prophet ﷺ to overcome all these issues and hurdles.
CONCLUSION:
It is perceived from the above academic discussion that interreligious dialogue and relations is most important activity and need of time for a plural and multiethnic society. in addition, it can play a vital role to come closer the different faiths, communities and religions of Islamic republic of Pakistan and unite them on one common agenda of national peace and development. We must provide opportunity and assistance to non-Muslim minorities to play a fundamental role in solution of their socioeconomic , sociopolitical and socio-religious issues. It can be said without any doubt and suspicion that interfaith dialogue activities act as a bridge between both counties of Christians and Muslims and rehabilitate their mutual confidence for their better national role and peaceful coexistence . It is also noted that the most of the issues of minorities and challenges are due to majority laziness and ignorance from the core issues and problems at local and national level both. Majority of the representative and leaders of minorities are not willing or not illegible to solve the core problems. Moreover they are deeply involved in party politics and try to get more and more benefits in the name of interfaith problems. They highlights crucial events occurred in Pakistan and exploit the interfaith communities. It is also noted that the scholars of Muslim mainstream are not interested in interfaith dialogue due to some misunderstandings and misconceptions moreover the social activist are exploiting and using this interfaith activity for their secular and liberal agenda. However, the awareness about the importance of interfaith relations and dialogue increasing day by day and hopefully with the passage of time all issues and hurdles will be removed. Therefore, it is recommended that we must set out the code of conduct for interfaith dialogue in the light of the Seerah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ.
References
- ↑ Saeed, Riaz Ahmad, “Impact of Interfaith Dialogue on Pakistani Community: A Critical Study of Modern Interreligious Dialogue Movement” Hazara Islamicus 6:1(2017), 23- 51.
- ↑ = Muhammad ‘Ammārah, Islam and Human Rights; Prerequisites Necessities or Mere Rights (Rabat: Islamic Economic Social Cooperative Organization, 1996), 132. =
- ↑ Muhammad Hamīdullah, al-Wathāeq as-Siyāssīyyah (Beirut: Dar al-Nafāes, 1987), 6/124.
- ↑ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4c4e/128ee8e2a3846faa39adadc0f05e3f8d5d97/26/1/18.
- ↑ Surah al-Māidah 5: 83.
- ↑ Bukhᾱrῑ, Muhammad Bin Ismail, Sahῑh Bukhᾱrῑ (Lahore: Darussalam, 2008), Hadῑth no. 2655.
- ↑ Baidhāvī , Abdullah bin Umar, Anwārul-Tanzīl (Beirut: DārIhyā al-Turāth al-Arbī, 1418H), 1/94.
- ↑ Ibne Hisshām , Muhammad bin Abdulmalik, al-Seerah an-Nabvīyyah (Cairo: Darussehābah, 1995) , 2/224.
- ↑ Bāgil, Hassan M, Muslim-Christian Dialogue (USA: Peace Vision, 1997), 7.
- ↑ Surah An-Nahl , 16:125.
- ↑ Surah al-Ankabūt 29:46.
- ↑ Muhammad Bin Ismail Bukhārī, Sahīh al- Bukhārī (English Translation), Kitāb, Al- Ambia, (Lahore: Sheikh Ashraf Publishers, 2004), Hadith no. 50:3461.
- ↑ Siddīquī, Muhammad Attāullha, Christian-Muslim Dialogue in the 20th century (London: MacMillan press, 1997), 57-49.
- ↑ Channan, Fr. James, Christian-Muslim dialogue in Pakistan (Lahore: National commission for Christian -Muslim Relations Pakistan, 1995), 128.
- ↑ Brog, Schantz, “Islam in Europe”, Missiology21:1(1993):443-456.
- ↑ Fārūqī, Muhammad Israel & Shahbaz Hassan , “Mukālmah Bain al-Mazāhib kā Nabvī Minhāj” al-Adwa 19: 1(2014), 190-208.
- ↑ Meraj , Meraj Ahmad, “Islamic directives of Interfaith Dialogue”. The Scholar 2:1(2017), 20-35.
- ↑ Ansari, ZafarIshaq and Esposito, Johan L.( eds.), Muslim and the West : Dialogue and Encounters (Nawāb, Ismael Ibrahim)( Islamabad: IRI, 2001), 3.
- ↑ Plamen Makariev (ed.), Islamic and Christian Cultures, Conflict and Dialogue (Maclean, George F.,) ( Washington: Council for Research on Values and Philosophy,2001),vi.
- ↑
- ↑ https://www.theigc.org/blog/religion-minority-status-and-trust-in-india/ Accessed; 24/1/18.
- ↑ Shahid W. and Koningsveled PS van(eds,) ,The Negative Image of Islam and Muslims in the West (London: Leven petres,2002), 174.
- ↑ Farjan, Abdul Yusuf, Perception of Interfaith Dialogue in Pakistan last 2isundestanogs and misc5 years (1995-2010) an unpublished M. Phil Thesis ( Islamabad: IIU,2013),25.
- ↑ Saeed et al., “Future hope of Interfaith dialogue in Pakistan”, Transylvanian Review, 25:22(2017), 5969.
- ↑ Saeed ,Riaz Ahmad , Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Pakistan: A Case Study of the CSC ( Islamabad: International Islamic University, 2011), 155.
- ↑ Habib, Muhammad Shāhid, Religious Dialogue between Muslims and Christians of Pakistan, M. Phil Thesis (Islamabad : IIU,2007), p.139.
- ↑ Saeed, Impacts of Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Pakistan, 33.
- ↑ Michel Nazir Ali, Mission and dialogue (Wiltshire: Red Wood books, 1995), 75.
- ↑ Pandey Kshama (ed), Promoting global peace and Civic engagement through education (USA: IGI Global, 2016), 334.
- ↑ Chanan, Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Pakistan, 46.
- ↑ Donald Shockley, Campus Ministry: The Church beyond Itself (Louisville, KY: John Knox Press, 1989), 140.
- ↑ Mahmud, Muhammad Riaz and Ghaurī Ihsān-ur-Rehman , “Interfaith Dialogue in Pakistan; An analyses of historical tradition and contemporary challenges” , al-Adwa 47:32( 2013), 51-64.
- ↑ Annual Report of the CSC 1998, (Rawalpindi: Christian study Center , 1999),9.
- ↑ Saeed, Impacts of Muslim -Christian Dialogue in Pakistan,36.
- ↑ http://www.ips.org.pk/society-and-culture/1409-the-law-of-tawhin-i-risalat/Accessed:16/1/18/
- ↑ Smith, Jane Idleman, Muslim-Christians and the Challenges of interfaith Dialogue (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) , 83.
- ↑ Surah Ᾱle-Imran 3:64.
- ↑ Siddīqī, Muhammad Attāullah, Believing and Belonging in a Pluralistic Society(London: O Books,2002),23.
- ↑ Surah al-Baqarah 2:256.
- ↑ Muhammad Hamῑdullah, The first written constitution of the world, ( Delhi: Nassir Books, nd.) , Article no. 25, P.10.
- ↑ Surah Al-Hujurat49:13.
- ↑ = Ahmad bin Hanbal, Musnad-e-Aḥmad(Riyadh: Darussalam, 2012) Ḥadīth no. 23536. =
- ↑ Marghinānī, Abī Bakr Abdul Jalal al-Farghānī, Al-Hadāya (Cairo: Maktaba Mumin, 2008), 2: 256.
- ↑ Surah An-Nahl , 16:125.
- ↑ Surah al-Ankabūt 29:46.
- ↑ Surah al-Ana’am 6:108
- ↑ Sahīh Bukhāhrī Hadīth no. 4485.
- ↑ Qushairī, Imᾱm Muslim bin Hajjᾱj, Sahῑh Muslim (Lahore: Darussalam, 2007), Ḥadīth no.4610.
- ↑ ‘Ulwānī, Tāhā Jabir, Ethics of Disagreement in Islam (USA: Institute of Islamic Thought, 1993),6
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