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Human Papilloma Virus Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma-an updated review |
Pakistan BioMedical Journal
Pakistan BioMedical Journal

Article Info
Authors

Volume

1

Issue

1

Year

2018

ARI Id

1682060051456_1647

DOI

10.52229/pbmj.v1i1.37

PDF URL

https://www.pakistanbmj.com/journal/index.php/pbmj/article/download/37/40

Chapter URL

https://www.pakistanbmj.com/journal/index.php/pbmj/article/view/37

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

 

There are many factors that have great influence on children health. Maternal child feeding practices directly correlates with child health and food intake. Other factors that have great impact on children health are parent's life style, maternal health and maternal knowledge [1]. During early life there is a strong relation between parents and children because at that time parents act as caregiver, role models and providers [2]. Children's eating habits and food preferences are also influenced by cultural [3], socio-economical and physical environment [4]. Food taboos, beliefs and practices play crucial role in the development of child feeding practices among nursing mothers, in this way these taboos are transmitted from generation to generation [5]. Parental food choices, food awareness and knowledge act as the base of children food habits and health [6]. Parents with high knowledge of nutrition have healthy children on the other hand parents with low education have unhealthy or sick children [7]. Higher level nutrition education directly associated with fruit, vegetables and healthy consumption. They avoid fad diets and unhealthy food products [8]. Restrictive parenting practices are useful to maintain small consumption of beverages and artificial products [9]. Malnutrition is a leading cause of death and disease among children. Almost 6.9 million children below 5 years were died in 2011 and 33% of these were occurred due to malnutrition [10]. Different parental perceptions and attitudes or misconceptions are the major reasons of poor child growth. These misconceptions and beliefs must be denied for the promotion of child and nation health [11]. In South Asia Pakistan has highest infant and child mortality rate. Stunting and wasting among children has been increased from last few years. This shows that malnutrition is a major problem in Pakistan. Malnutrition acts as a major constraint in the development of Pakistan [12]. Major food perception/taboos show unwritten social and family rules. These perceptions or temperaments are based on some cultural and religious norms which effect the food consumption of a community [13]. On the other hand some foods are considered harmful for a specific group of people [14]. Food taboos can be said as complex attitudes and behavior which are difficult to explain. Food taboos show both negative and positive impacts [15]. These are positive when there is a strong relationship between food and health issues [16].

Current study was designed to determine the dietary misconceptions of nursing mothers about fruits. So that after highlighting the misconceptions, false food practices resulting in malnutrition among children could be reduced, through extensive health education and burden of malnutrition in the society could be reduced.

 

M E T H O D S

 

A cross sectional study was conducted at Pediatric and Gynecological department of Sir Ganga Ram hospital, Lahore. Study duration was 4 months and sample size was 100 nursing mothers. Data were collected after the ethical approval from The University of Lahore by using the non-probability sampling technique. Prior written informed consent was taken from the mothers. Mothers having children above the age of 2 years and non-cooperative mothers were excluded. Data collection was carried out by using pre-tested questionnaire/Performa. Data were analyzed with the help of SPSS version 21.0. Frequencies were calculated to determine the exiting beliefs and practices among nursing mothers.

R E S U L T S

Results showed that none of the nursing mother was below 20 years of age, 51 were between 25 to 30 years of age. 75 mothers were having normal nutritional status, 16 were underweight whereas only 9 were overweight. Whereas 68 children were malnourished and 32 were normal. Majority of the participants were from urban areas having their own house with lower to middle socioeconomic status, Table 1.

 

Findings showed that 32 mothers believed that saffron consumption is responsible for fairer skin complexion of new born and 6 mothers also practiced it and 82 participants believed that mango and papaya causes miscarriage while 58 mothers also practiced it, Table 2.

 

As far as mother's conceptions during lactation were concerned, 14 were believing and 47 were practicing as well that oranges consumption by mother can cause diarrhea in feeding child. 20 were believing and 41 were practicing as well that mangoes consumption by mother trigger skin allergy in the nursing baby. Whereas 16 were believing and 42 were practicing that nuts are hot for both baby and mother's health, Table 3.

In this study 35 mothers were believing and practicing that mango causes allergy in children, 70 were practicing and believing that dates are hot for girls. 46 were practicing and believing that oranges and mangoes can cause diarrhea in children, 89 were practicing that banana stimulates mucous production and 76 were believing that oranges cause sore throat, Table 4.

 

Analysis of current study also exposed some perceptions related to food intake during fever. 76 were believing and practicing that during fever oranges increases throat soreness, while 10 were only believing. 35 were practicing that mango increases allergies during fever and 58 were practicing that banana consumption during fever cause breathing difficulties, Figure 1.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mother's age (Yrs.)

Below 20

20-25

25-30

Above 30

-----

25

51

24

Mothers nutritional status

Undernourished

Normal

Over weight

16

75

9

Age distribution of children

1-6 months

6-12months

1-1.5 year

1.5-2 years

47

22

22

9

Children nutritional status

Normal

Underweight

Overweight

68

32

-----

Residential Area

Urban

Rural

95

5

Residential status

Own

Rented

72

28

Socioeconomic status

Lower

Middle

Upper middle

Higher

50

35

13

2

Table 1: Demographic profile of the participants

 

 



Misconceptions

Believe

Believe and Practice

None

Saffron consumption can cause fairer complexion of children

26

6

68

Papaya triggers miscarriage

24

58

8

Mango triggers miscarriage

24

58

8

Table 2: Mothers misconceptions during pregnancy

 





Misconceptions

Believe

Believe and Practice

None

Oranges consumption by mother can cause diarrhea in feeding child

14

47

38

Mangoes consumption by mother trigger skin allergy

20

41

39

Nuts are hot for both baby and mother's health

16

42

42

Table 3: Mothers misconceptions during lactation

 

 

 

 



Misconceptions

Believe

Believe and Practice

None

Mango intake among children increases the chances of allergy

7

35

58

Dates are especially hot for girls

7

70

23

Oranges can cause diarrhea in children

10

46

44

Banana stimulates mucous production

4

89

7

Mangoes can cause diarrhea in children

10

46

44

Oranges consumption by children cause soreness of throat

10

76

14

Table 4: Misconceptions during normal conditions about child nutrition

 

 

 

Figure 1: Misconceptions during children illness

 

D I S C U S S I O N

indings showed that 32 mothers believed that saffron consumption is responsible for fairer skin complexion of new born and 6 mothers also practiced it and 82 participants believed that mango and papaya causes miscarriage while 58 mothers also practiced it. A study performed by Patil et al., in 2010 reported similar findings, that 62.8% individuals were having believe that saffron consumption by pregnant women causes a fairer skin child birth and 86 participants believed that most fruits and vegetables trigger abortion such as papaya and green leafy vegetables [17]. In recent study 24 mothers believed that milk products can increase the production of mucous in fetus. A similar study conducted by Zerfu et al., (2016) in rural Arsi to find out maternal preferences and food taboos. They described that the most common taboos were related to the consumption of green leafy vegetables, yogurt, cheese, sugar cane, and green pepper. These food taboos were based on some social and cultural norms [18]. In current study banana and orange were classified as cold by 33 and 75 mothers while 29 and 69 mothers respectively also practiced it. Current results also informed that nursing mothers restrict some types of foods such as rice, condiments, oranges and hot-cold food to prevent some adverse reactions such as gestational issues, cold and cough. In 2017 Sethi BA et al., conducted a similar kind of research to find out different food restrictions and preferences among breast­feeding mothers. They exposed that common dietary restrictions were yoghurts, potatoes, Banana, carbonated drinks and spices among breast feeding mothers [19]. Current study also exposed some perceptions related to food intake during fever. Forty-nine (49) mothers believed that during fever or illness food needs are reduced while 43 mothers also practiced it. Similarly, 76 and 87 mothers also believed that oranges and yogurt increase the soreness of throat. A cross-sectional study in 2012 performed by Benakappa and Shivamurthy, to evaluate mothers dietary practices, culture and religion perceptions to feed an ill child, revealed some similar results. Analysis exposed that most of the caregivers assumed that child must be fed less during disease or illness. In some cases doctors also were responsible for unnecessary dietary restrictions. Mostly caregivers preferred to reduce breast feeding and food intake because they believed that during illness child's energy requirements are reduced. Strong belief about hot and cold food caused restriction of many healthy and nutritious foods among nursing mothers [20].

C O N C L U S I O N S

Current Study concluded that existence of food myths and taboos was very common among nursing mothers and they also practiced it. Fruits such as papaya, mango and saffron were practiced as hot and also considered as anti-pregnancy fruits. During lactation mothers followed some false dietary practices that lead towards many nutritional deficiencies among mothers and children.

 

R E F E R E N C E S

 

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  • Wardle, J., Carnell, S., & Cooke, L. Parental control over feeding and children's fruit and vegetable intake: how are they related? J. Am. Dietet. Assoc, 2005. 105(2), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.006.

  • Ekwochi, U., Osuorah, C. D., Ndu, I. K., Ifediora, C., Asinobi, I. N., & Eke, C. B. Food taboos and myths in South Eastern Nigeria: The belief and practice of mothers in the region. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed, 2016. 12(1), 7.  doi 10.1186/s13002-016-0079-x.

  • Barker, L., Gout, B., & Crowe, T. Hospital malnutrition: prevalence, identification and impact on patients and the healthcare system. Int. J. Environ. Research Public hlth., 2011. 8(2), 514-527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020514.

  • Nankumbi, J., & Muliira, J. K. Barriers to infant and child-feeding practices: a qualitative study of primary caregivers in Rural Uganda. J. Hlth, Population, Nutr., 2015. 33(1), 106.

  • Lodha, S., & Bharti, V. Assessment of complementary feeding practices and misconceptions regarding foods in young mothers. Int. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 2013. 2(3), 85-90. http://www.ijfans.com/.

  • Daniels, L. A., Mallan, K. M., Battistutta, D., Nicholson, J. M., Perry, R., & Magarey, A. Evaluation of an intervention to promote protective infant feeding practices to prevent childhood obesity: outcomes of the NOURISH RCT at 14 months of age and 6 months post the first of two intervention modules. Int. J. Obes., 2012. 36(10), 1292. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.96.

  • Clark, H. R., Goyder, E., Bissell, P., Blank, L., & Peters, J. How do parents' child-feeding behaviours influence child weight? Implications for childhood obesity policy. J. Public Hlth., 2007. 29(2), 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdm012.

  • Bucher, T., & Siegrist, M. Children's and parents' health perception of different soft drinks. Brit. J. Nutr., 2015. 113(3), 526-535. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514004073.

  • Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M. F., Walker, N., Horton, S., .. & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?. The Lancet, 2013. 382(9890), 452-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4.

  • Adamo, K. B., & Brett, K. E. Parental perceptions and childhood dietary quality. Matern. Child Hlth J., 2014. 18(4), 978-995. doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1326-6.

  • Nisar, M. U., ul Haq, M. M. A., Tariq, S., Anwar, M., Khawar, A., Waqas, A., & Nisar, A. Feeding patterns and predictors of malnutrition in infants from poor socioeconomic areas in Pakistan: A cross-sectional survey. Cureus, 2016. 8(1).

  • Park, K. Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine. Jabalpur: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers, 2009. 19,504.

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  • Yue, A., Marsh, L., Zhou, H., Medina, A., Luo, R., Shi, Y., ... & Rozelle, S. Nutritional deficiencies, the absence of information and caregiver shortcomings: a qualitative analysis of infant feeding practices in rural China. PloS One, 2016. 11(4), e0153385. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153046.

  • Berdan, L. E., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. Temperament and externalizing behavior: Social preference and perceived acceptance as protective factors. Developmen. Psychol., 2008. 44(4), 957. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.957.

  • Patil, R., Mittal, A., Vedapriya, D., Khan, M. I., & Raghavia, M. Taboos and misconceptions about food during pregnancy among rural population of Pondicherry. Calicut Med J, 2010. 8(2), 4. http://www.calicutmedicaljournal.org/2010/2/e4.pdf.

  • Zerfu, T. A., Umeta, M., & Baye, K. Dietary habits, food taboos, and perceptions towards weight gain during pregnancy in Arsi, rural central Ethiopia: a qualitative cross-sectional study. J. Hlth, Population Nutr., 2016. 35(1), 22. doi: 10.1186/s41043-016-0059-8.

  • Sethi BA, Sethi A, Ali S, Fatima MI. Food related misconceptions among breastfeeding mothers of neonates in northwest general hospital Peshawar. JKCD. 2018. 8(1),19-23.

  • Benakappa, A. D., & Shivamurthy, P. Beliefs regarding diet during childhood illness. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Med., 2012. 37(1), 20. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-0218.94016.

     

    6

    Diet Factor Vol.1 Issue 1 Jan-Jun 2020

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