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Al-Amīr - Volume: 04 Issue No. 02 July-September 2023 (1)
G
eopolitical
Dynamics: Syria's Diplomatic Endeavors in a Complex Region
Hanna-e-Kalbi
Dept. of Humanities, University of Management and Technology, Lahore hanna.kalbi@umt.edu.pk
S
hafia
Jamil*
Dept. of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad shafia.jamil@comsats.edu.pk
Aaliabah Sajjad
Dept. of Management Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad aaliabahsajjad@gmail.com
In
order to prevent tensions, promote economic cooperation, and obstruct
regional integration, the document emphasizes the importance of
territorial and economic disputes within the Syria Territory. It
highlights how diplomacy plays a key role in reaching agreements and
resolving these conflicts. Regarding Syria's position regarding
Israel, diplomatic endeavors are essential for resolving more general
geopolitical issues.
S
yria's
strategic location makes it a key player in trade routes, and
diplomatic initiatives are aimed at ensuring economic benefits and
regional stability. Syria's diplomatic landscape is further shaped by
Russian support, which offers political backing in international
negotiations. The Geneva Conference, Astana, and Sochi processes are
important platforms for tackling the complex issues at hand, bringing
together regional and international players to identify
all-encompassing solutions.
O
verall,
the document elucidates how diplomacy not only addresses territorial
and economic concerns within Syria but also navigates the
complexities of the broader geopolitical context, such as Syria's
role in the Arab-Israeli conflict and its economic aspirations linked
to trade routes. It highlights various diplomatic initiatives that
can promote stability, prosperity, and mutual benefits while also
fostering regional integration. Policymakers who want to use
diplomatic means to advance peace and stability in this region will
find this information useful.
Keywords: Syria, Diplomacy, Geneva, Astana, and Sochi.
Introduction
In the Syria Territory, territorial conflicts and disputes are resolved through diplomacy. Discussions, dialogues, and the sharing of ideas between the parties are all made possible by diplomatic negotiations. Diplomats use mediation to try to resolve territorial disputes amicably, to encourage compromise, and to identify common ground. The legal foundation for settling territorial disputes and preserving regional stability can be established with the aid of diplomatic measures like peace treaties or agreements.
Diplomacy is critical to fostering economic cooperation and integration within Syria's borders. Establishing trade agreements, investment opportunities, and economic partnerships between nations are the goals of diplomatic efforts. In order to encourage exports, draw in foreign investment, and ease cross-border trade within the region, diplomats engage in economic diplomacy. Increased economic growth, the creation of jobs, and higher living standards are all possible outcomes of diplomatic economic cooperation within the Syrian territory.
Trade disputes within Syria's borders can be settled through diplomatic channels. To resolve trade disputes, tariff disputes, and other economic disputes, diplomats negotiate. To prevent economic escalation, promote stability for economic activity within the Syria Territory, and assist parties in finding win-win solutions, mediation, and diplomacy can be used. (Kocs, Territorial disputes and interstate war, 1945-1987, 1995)1
Understanding Syrian diplomacy is essential for understanding the country's international ties. Some of the subjects covered in the study include control over strategic resources, trade routes, and the dynamics of the energy sector, investment and economic development, post-war reconstruction efforts, regional economic integration, the effects of sanctions, humanitarian aid, diaspora engagement, and international financial assistance. The purpose of this study is to shed light on the complex economic factors that influence Syria's diplomatic decisions, as well as the effects of those decisions on the country's economic environment and overall geopolitical standing.
“The World Bank's International Monetary Fund (IMF)” has characterized Syria's largely state-run economy as "stable but stagnant." This portrays both the political stability and the absence of major external shocks, as well as the political establishment's limited ability to implement meaningful economic reforms that would move the country closer to the global economy. Reputed Syrian economist and former economist to the World Bank Dr. Nabil Sukkar said that Syrian decision-makers are "afraid of taking the plunge". Syria's entry into the global economy puts the small ruling class at risk of losing its privileges and grip on power.
The Syrian economy has remained a traditional, ineffective, and highly regulated socialist command economy under 50 years of Ba'th Party rule. It is led by a quasi-totalitarian government that is marked by political repression and pervasive corruption at the highest levels of government.
The three main sources of income for Syria each year are oil production, taxes from the government's services, and the highly politicized, highly inefficient government-owned industrial companies. The three exceptions are the monopolies in banking, tobacco, and telecommunications. A member of the Asad family, who owns the entire business and is unrestricted by price controls, is in charge of the tobacco monopoly. (N, 2007).2
When Hafiz al-Asad, the president of Syria, passed away in the middle of the 2000s, many believed that his son Bashar would be able to change a system that had come to symbolize economic stagnation and the brutal suppression of dissent. Syrians were free to express themselves without fear of the despised secret police for six months, marking the first time in decades that this had happened. Political discussion forums proliferated.
The press began to openly demand democracy, and petitions were circulated insisting that democracy was necessary not only for its own sake but also as a prerequisite for desperately needed investment and economic expansion. Based on the testimonies of significant individuals, Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom describes the drama surrounding the repression of the Damascus Spring and what transpires in a state such as Syria to the institutions that occupy the political liminal space between the state and the governed. This piece slices through the rhetoric and propaganda of political parties, parliament, the media, the legal system, and academic institutions to expose a system so tainted and demoralized that power is used for no other reason than power itself. This is Bashar al-Asad's legacy and the system which, given time, he hopes to reform (George, 2003).3
Inheriting Syria: Bashar's trial by fire
America's policymakers have faced a challenging issue with Syria for a long time. With over two decades of active support for organizations like Hezbollah, it has taken over Lebanon. Damascus is adamant that Israel must completely leave the disputed Golan Heights in order for there to be peace with that state. It's frequently brought up in the same sentence as members of the notorious "axis of evil." Given that America is thinking about becoming permanently involved in the reconstruction of Iraq, Syria holds a crucial strategic position in the Middle East. The United States has struggled to come up with a cogent and workable strategy toward Damascus as the policy challenges brought on by Syria's problematic behavior have gotten more urgent in the current security environment.
The death of long-time dictator Hafiz al Assad has prompted a re-evaluation of the country's role in the region. The shift in power from Assad to his son Bashar has further clouded the consensus among Western experts regarding how to handle the Syrian leadership. Syria's hiring fills this gap by providing a thorough, analytical picture of the regime led by Bashar. It makes recommendations for US policy and presents a daring new plan for accomplishing US goals, mostly through coordinated engagement that makes use of both rewards and punishments. This would be a historic shift for the United States because this strategy would be independent of the Arab-Israeli peace process. The author is in a unique position to offer insightful information about this intriguing but significant nation because of his extensive experience working in the foreign policy establishment. Those who are interested in the Middle East, the fight against terrorism, and the direction of US foreign policy will find great interest in this book. Written for both the public and the academic and policymaking communities, Knowing Syria is a valuable resource for anyone looking to learn more about this mysterious country and its leaders. (Leeverett, 2013).4
Territory purpose behind diplomacy
Bait-ul-Muqadas, or the first Qibla for Muslims, is one of the primary justifications for territory behind diplomacy. Before Al Aqsa was renamed the Ka'bah, the Holy Prophet ﷺ and his companions would pray in that direction at the beginning of Islam. The final Prophet to face Masjid Al Aqsa and Masjid Al Haram in prayer was the Prophetﷺ.
Syria opposed Israel because Israel desired to annex Bait-ul-Muqadas. Not only is Al-Aqsa Mosque complex in Jerusalem's Old City one of the most revered places in Islam, but its location—the Temple Mount (city in Israel)—is also the holiest site in Judaism. The location is often the scene of violent incidents, such as the one that occurred on Friday night after thousands of people flocked there to mark the final Friday of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. The "rioting of thousands of worshippers" following evening prayers, according to Israeli police, was the reason they had to use force to restore order.
The primary goals of the Syrian Arab Republic's foreign policy have been to ensure national security, increase influence among its Arab neighbors, and secure the return of the Golan Heights. Syria has experienced tension with its neighbors, including Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon, on numerous occasions throughout its history. Earlier in the twenty-first century, before the Arab spring and the Syrian civil war, Syria's relations with a number of the states in its region improved.
Kurdistan
Syria keeps up ties with Kurdistan in autonomous Iraq. countries with which Syria maintains diplomatic ties. Recent political instabilities in the Middle East have had a significant negative impact on the tourism sector. The purpose of this study is to look into how much political unrest has affected the growth of tourism in Iraq's Kurdistan region (KRI). A quantitative analysis is conducted to determine how past conflicts and incidents, such as the most recent actions of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), have affected traveler demand. There is evidence of unit roots and structural breaks connecting political instability to notable drops in tourism.
By using a multiple regression model and monthly time series data from January 2003 to September 2018, a systematic comparison is conducted on the impact of wars and terrorist attacks on tourist arrivals. The analysis showed that wars had a greater detrimental effect than terrorist attacks. (Ahmad B, 2018).5
The government of the Syrian Arab Republic was somewhat cut off from neighboring nations and the larger international community until 2018 as a result of the civil war in Syria. Many countries, including Turkey, Canada, France, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Mexico, Qatar, and Ukraine, have severed diplomatic ties. Syria was barred from the Union for the Mediterranean and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in 2011 and 2012. Syria is an Arab League member in full.
Economic Purpose behind Diplomacy of Syria
Comprehending Syrian diplomacy is imperative for comprehending the nation's global connections. Among the subjects covered in the study are trade routes, energy sector dynamics, investment and economic development, post-war reconstruction efforts, regional economic integration, the effects of sanctions, humanitarian aid, diaspora engagement, and international financial assistance. With regard to Syria's economic environment and overall geopolitical standing, this research aims to shed light on the many and intricate economic factors that shape the country's diplomatic decisions.
Control over Strategic Resources
Syria has been using diplomacy to try to gain control over important resources in the last few years. Syria has strategically negotiated alliances and partnerships with competing regional and global interests in order to gain access to critical resources. The country is a sought-after player in the energy market because of its advantageous location at the intersection of major energy trade routes. Syria's diplomatic relations, particularly with countries such as Russia and Iran, have placed a high priority on protecting its oil and gas resources and maintaining control over pipelines and transportation networks.
Furthermore, Syria's ability to access water resources is now a major factor in its diplomatic strategies. Because of its control over the Euphrates River basin and its tributaries, the government has significant influence in an arid region where water scarcity is a serious situation. Syria has shaped regional dynamics and engaged in negotiations with its neighbors using this tool. By using its strategic resources and diplomatic channels with care, Syria has tried to protect its own economic stability, maintain regional influence, and keep a negotiating chip in talks with other countries. (Steven, 2014). 6
Trade Routes and Economic Influence
The defense of trade routes and the maintenance of Syria's economic clout in the region have been central to its diplomatic strategy. Because Syria is situated at the crossroads of multiple trade routes connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa, it is an important hub for commerce. Strategic interactions with foreign partners and regional allies have helped the country safeguard its trade interests and advance economic cooperation.
With regard to diplomacy, Syria has concentrated on gaining access to vital land connections that connect the Middle East and trade routes like the Mediterranean Sea. To protect its economic infrastructure and maintain the flow of commodities and services, the country has formed alliances with countries such as Iran and Russia. In an attempt to strengthen its economic influence, Syria has also made a determined effort to strengthen its trading relationships with both domestic and foreign parties, taking part in negotiations, trade agreements, and diplomatic exchanges.
Syria aspires to increase investor interest, maintain its status as a key player in the regional economy, and strengthen its economic stability. Consequently, in its diplomatic maneuvers, it gives trade routes and economic interests precedence.(Hatahet, 2019).7
Energy Sector Dynamics
Syria's foreign policy is deeply entwined with the dynamics of the energy sector, especially with regard to oil and gas. Syria is an oil and gas-rich country that has strategically used its energy resources to boost its economy and political standing.
Syrian diplomacy has largely consisted of forging alliances and partnerships with countries like Russia and Iran, which have been vital in promoting the growth, extraction, and export of gas and oil. These alliances offered a means of counterbalancing pressure from other regional and international entities, in addition to making the extraction of energy resources easier.
In order to ensure the smooth functioning of transportation networks and energy pipelines, Syria has additionally taken an active role in discussions and collaboration with its neighbors. Syria has tried to take advantage of its position as a state that transits energy, which gives it control over regional energy flows and enhances its diplomatic position. It has tried to maintain control over vital infrastructure in order to achieve this.
Overall, Syria's energy diplomacy is driven by a desire to maximize economic gains from its oil and gas resources while also using them as a bargaining chip in regional and international negotiations. (Ipek, 2017).8
Investment and Economic Development
Syria has been actively pursuing economic growth and investment as a key element of its diplomatic strategy. Despite the challenges posed by war and political unrest, the country has made consistent efforts to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth.
To achieve this, Syria has taken diplomatic measures to encourage investment opportunities and improve its business climate. The government has made reforms to reduce red tape, reward investors, and create an atmosphere that promotes investment. Syria has also promoted sectors like tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing in an effort to diversify its economy.
To strengthen its bilateral economic ties, Syria has signed trade agreements, engaged in economic forums, and communicated with both domestic and foreign partners. It has also requested financial assistance from foreign governments and international organizations to fund reconstruction projects. In addition, it has requested financial assistance from foreign governments and international organizations for reconstruction projects.
Syria prioritizes investment and economic development in its diplomatic efforts in an attempt to rebuild its infrastructure, create jobs, and improve living conditions. Growth and foreign investment are essential for rebuilding the country's economy and integrating it into the world economy. (El-Wassal, 2012).9
Reconstruction and Rebuilding
Funding for post-conflict reconstruction and rebuilding projects has been the main focus of Syria's diplomatic efforts. After a protracted battle, the nation faces significant challenges in rebuilding its infrastructure, reviving its economy, and raising the standard of living for its people.
Syria has actively engaged with international partners, including governments, multilateral organizations, and donor conferences, to secure funding for its reconstruction efforts. Diplomatic efforts have highlighted the importance of maintaining regional stability, provided comprehensive plans for reconstruction, and made evident the extent of the damage.
Through diplomatic channels, Syria has tried to forge alliances and gain the support of countries willing to provide money, technical assistance, and investments. It has participated in donor conferences and bilateral discussions in an attempt to obtain funding for vital sectors such as housing, healthcare, education, and transportation.
Syria's diplomatic reconstruction plan seeks to ensure that aid is administered transparently, efficiently, and in line with the country's long-term development goals in addition to securing the necessary financial resources. By enlisting outside help, Syria hopes to expedite the healing process, reconstruct its infrastructure, and restore essential services for its citizens. (Majerus, 2021).10
Humanitarian Aid and Assistance
The nation's humanitarian aid and assistance have been significantly impacted financially by Syria's diplomatic efforts. Syria depends on outside aid to meet its citizens' immediate needs because of the ongoing conflict and ongoing humanitarian crises. Many countries, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations have tried to reach out to Syria diplomatically in order to provide humanitarian aid. This support has included giving affected communities access to food, shelter, medical care, and other essential services. Diplomatic activity has included organizing relief operations, engaging in negotiations, and advocating for increased funding for humanitarian projects.
However, there may be complications in the financial implications of these diplomatic relations on relief efforts. Syria's diplomatic strategy aims to attract funding and assistance to address humanitarian needs, on the one hand. On the other hand, the country's economic problems and the state of its infrastructure make it difficult to administer and utilize aid effectively.
Therefore, Syria needs to strike a balance in its diplomatic efforts to address the economic barriers preventing the effective delivery of humanitarian aid and secure humanitarian relief. Using diplomatic ties, Syria aims to effectively meet the humanitarian needs of its people, foster greater cooperation among stakeholders, and manage the economic fallout. (Pierini, 2016).11
Bashār-ul-Asad
Bashar al-Assad, the political figure at the center of the Syrian conflict who has been President of Syria since 2000. It looks at important facets of his leadership, his involvement in the Syrian civil war, and how the world reacted to his rule.
Bashar al-Assad ascended to power following the death of his father, Hafez al-Assad, who ruled Syria for three decades. When Bashar came to power in 2000, he ran on a platform of reform and economic development, promising to modernize Syria. However, controversy and unrest have dogged his tenure.
The Syrian civil war
The Arab Spring-era Syrian civil war, which broke out in 2011, had a big influence on Bashar al-Assad's political trajectory. His response to demonstrations demanding democratic reforms turned into a bloody conflict involving accusations of violations of human rights, including the use of chemical weapons and targeted bombings. The international community and human rights advocacy organizations have widely condemned this.
Russia and Iran are two allies of Bashar al-Assad that have supported him militarily and diplomatically throughout the conflict. His regime has been able to withstand numerous opposition forces and keep a firm hold on power thanks to this support. Meanwhile, extremist groups like Islamic State and rebel groups, including those connected to the Free Syrian Army, have opposed his government. (ISIS).
The international reaction to Bashar al-Assad's regime has been complicated and diverse. Some nations, mostly in the West, have demanded that he be removed from office due to his involvement in the humanitarian crisis and human rights abuses. Others, such as Russia, on the other hand, have offered him military and political backing because they see him as a vital regional ally and value stability over regime change.
Here is a detailed overview of his involvement:
Early Stages of the Conflict: As part of the larger Arab Spring movement, protests broke out in Syria in March 2011. Assad initially reacted harshly, using military force to put an end to demonstrations. As the dispute intensified into a full-fledged civil war, Assad stuck to his hardline position and refused to resign or implement meaningful political reforms. (BBC, Syria: Dismay and fear as Bashar al-Assad returns to Arab fold, May 20, 2023).12
Russian Support: President Vladimir Putin's backing from Russia greatly strengthened Assad's position in the conflict. The Russian military helped the Syrian government retake control of important areas by supplying airstrikes and ground support. With Russia's support, Assad was able to solidify his position and expand his authority. (Stent, 2016).13
Opposition to Negotiations: Throughout the conflict, Assad has consistently demonstrated a reluctance to engage in meaningful negotiations with opposition groups. He claimed he was fighting against radicals rather than a popular uprising and dismissed the demands of the opposition, viewing them as terrorists. This position hampered diplomatic attempts to settle the dispute peacefully. (S, 2020)14
Geneva Conferences
Assad's administration took part in multiple rounds of UN-sponsored peace negotiations in Geneva, Switzerland. The goal of these talks was to end the conflict and help Syria undergo a political transition. But Assad's delegation was more concerned with holding onto power than making any significant compromises or concessions. (Fabian, 2014).15
Chemical Weapons and International Agreements: Syria was accused in 2013 of deploying chemical weapons against its own people, going beyond the "red line" established by the international community. As the pressure mounted, the government of Bashar al-Assad consented to ratify the Chemical Weapons Convention and delegate authority for Syria's declared chemical weapons stockpiles' destruction to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Although this action was viewed as a positive step, the conflict's underlying causes were not addressed. (BBC, Syria ‘chemical attack’: Distressing footage under analysis, August 23, 2013). 16
Astana and Sochi Processes: The Astana and Sochi processes, two diplomatic endeavors spearheaded by Russia, were undertaken by Assad's administration concurrently with the Geneva negotiations. Representatives of the Syrian government, opposition organizations, and other regional players participated in these negotiations. Although limited ceasefires and some de-escalation zones were put in place, the main goal of these measures was to manage the conflict rather than find a comprehensive political solution. (Abboud, 2021). 17
Reconstruction Diplomacy: Assad's administration focused on reconstruction as the fighting started to taper off in some areas. Due to the extensive damage to its infrastructure, Syria needed substantial financial assistance to rebuild. Assad looked to allies like Russia and Iran for assistance and investigated possible alliances with other countries, including those that had opposed his government in the past. (Hinnebusch, 2020).18
Humanitarian Crisis and International Criticism: Assad's government has been widely accused of human rights violations and war crimes throughout the Syrian civil war. Reports have shown that chemical weapons and barrel bombs have been used against civilian targets and that hospital and schools have been purposefully destroyed. Millions of Syrians are now displaced and in desperate need of aid because of these actions, which have created a serious humanitarian crisis. Human rights abuses by Assad's regime have been consistently denounced by the international community, including the UN, and accountability has been demanded. (International, March 31, 2022). 19
Impact on Regional Dynamics: The Syrian Civil War and President Assad's protracted rule have had a significant impact on regional dynamics in the Middle East. A power vacuum brought about by the fighting has given rise to the Islamic State (IS) and other extremist organizations. The conflict is seen as a proxy war between countries with a Shia majority, like Iran, and countries with a Sunni majority, like Saudi Arabia. This has further exacerbated sectarian tensions. There have been ramifications for neighboring countries from the war's destabilizing impact, such as increased terrorist activity and refugee displacement. (Chulov, 2019, October 27). 20
International Diplomatic Efforts: Despite the challenges and controversies surrounding Assad's presidency, international diplomatic efforts to find a political solution to the Syrian conflict have been made. To get all parties to the negotiating table, the United Nations, regional powers, and other international actors have participated in mediation efforts. However, because Assad is unwilling to engage in a real power transition or make significant concessions, these initiatives have encountered significant roadblocks. There is still no obvious solution in sight, and the diplomatic environment is still unstable and complicated (Council, 2015, December 18). 21
Repercussions on the Syrian People:
Millions of Syrians have been internally and externally displaced, suffering from appalling humanitarian conditions, losing loved ones and means of subsistence, and bearing the brunt of the conflict. A significant number of people have fled their home countries in search of safety and asylum due to the protracted conflict. With cities destroyed, social cohesion eroding, and a generation's prospects for education and employment lost, the effects on Syrian society have been catastrophic. The reconstruction and reconciliation process, as well as the long-term effects on the Syrian people, continue to be extremely difficult obstacles.
Essentially, the main characteristic of Bashar al-Assad's diplomacy during the Syrian civil war has been his unwavering determination to hold onto power and his reluctance to participate in substantive talks or significant political reforms. Despite widespread international condemnation and ongoing humanitarian concerns, he has been able to maintain control over important areas of the country thanks to his reliance on military force and the support of foreign allies. ((UNHCR), 2022). 22
Conclusion
This document offers a thorough summary of how diplomacy functions in the Sham's Territory to resolve economic and territorial disputes. It emphasizes how diplomatic initiatives can promote economic cooperation and settle economic disputes while facilitating talks, compromises, and peaceful resolutions to territorial disputes. The statement places a strong emphasis on the value of diplomacy and mediation in resolving conflicts between parties on the business front, averting economic crises, and fostering stability for the Shams Territory's business sector.
It also discusses various diplomatic initiatives that can be used to create a legal framework for resolving territorial claims and promote regional integration. Overall, this document provides valuable insights into how diplomacy can contribute to stability, prosperity, and mutual benefits within the Shams Territory, thereby promoting a favorable environment for development and regional integration. This data is helpful to decision-makers who aim to use diplomacy to advance peace and stability in this area.
Findings
1. In the Shams Territory, diplomacy is essential for resolving problems with territory and economy.
2. Negotiations, concessions, and amicable settlements of territorial disputes can result from diplomatic efforts.
3. Diplomacy can help to settle economic disputes and promote economic cooperation.
4. Finding win-win solutions to economic disputes and averting economic escalation depends heavily on diplomacy and mediation.
5. Regional integration can be aided by diplomatic initiatives that create a legal framework for settling territorial claims.
6. Diplomacy can foster mutual benefits, stability, and prosperity in the Shams Territory, which will help to create an environment that is favorable to growth and regional integration.
7. Through diplomatic efforts, policymakers can use this information to support peace and stability in the region.
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M
alik Yar Muhammad (MYM) Research Center (SMC-Private) Limited, Bahawalpur
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