13
1
2024
1707976069400_3319
06-16
http://ojs.zu.edu.pk/ojs/index.php/pjr/article/view/1897
Functional status parkinson disease cognitive dysfunction disease progression orthostatic hypotension tremors.
P
akistan Journal of Rehabilitation
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Volume 13(Issue 1), 2024 | Page No.06-16
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR TENSION TYPE HEADACHE
Aribah Ahmed 1, Nabeel Baig2*, Dr. Ummul Kiram Sheikh Zain-ul-Abedin3
1MPhil Candidate, Ziauddin College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
2*Assistant Professor, Ziauddin College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan 
3Saifee Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Background of the Study: Multiple Physical Therapy approaches have recently been developed and reported in the literature for providing better results in the treatment regimens of tension-type headaches. The advancement in the field of Physical therapy towards the treatment approaches of tension-type headaches has become the driving force for writing this article.
Methodology: Studies comparing the effects of physical therapy management with conventional treatment approaches are included in the meta-analysis. PRISMA guidelines were used for performing the qualitative analysis and assessment of risk of biases.
Results: According to the findings of nine randomized controlled trials, the analysis of the results had revealed that physical therapy intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in reducing headache severity. In a random effect model, the pool effects of physical therapy strategies in terms of Standardized Mean Difference had an impact of 1.41, which according to a Cohen rule of thumb displays a larger effect of physical therapy management in significant decrease in pain intensity among tension-type headache patients
Conclusion: The study has concluded that physical therapy-based management strategies as provided in several RCTs analyzed in this review article revealed a pool effect of moderate size in managing the frequency of pain and a larger effect size in managing pain intensity and duration. Further, it was concluded that tension-type headaches can be effectively managed through physical therapy-based approaches.
Keywords: Functional status, parkinson disease, cognitive dysfunction, disease progression, orthostatic hypotension, tremors.
Introduction
Primary headache including tension-type headache and migraine headaches are among the commonly occurring form of headaches that affects almost 47% of the world population1. Among different types of headaches, the tension-type headache has a prevalence of around 35%, whereas migraine has a remaining 12% of prevalence out of the total population that has been affected by headaches2. According to the study, tension-type headache greatly impacts socioeconomic conditions around the globe while creating an economic burden of around 1.6 billion dollars every year; making it one of the costliest disorders worldwide3. Patients complaining of tension-type
*Assistant Professor, Ziauddin College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
Email: baig.nabeel@zu.edu.pk
Citation: Ahmed A, Baig N, Abedin UKSZ. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL THERAPY-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR TENSION TYPE HEADACHE. Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation. 2024 Jan 5;13(1):06–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.13.1/003
Received: Thurs, Feb 16, 2022 Accepted: Thurs, Dec 22, 2022 Published: Fri, Jan 05, 2024
headaches usually describe the pain as a band around the head in the form of pressing and tightening and not throbbing and pulsating, which occurs bilaterally with the intensity of mild to moderate4. Tension-type headache does not aggravate usually while performing routine activities such as climbing and descending stairs. Patients suffering from tension type headaches also do not complain of nausea and vomiting; which is actually an obvious symptom associated with migraine5,6. Studies have also provided significant evidence that tension-type headache is 1.5 times more frequent among the female population than males whereas it has also been estimated that during menstrual periods and pregnancy, women experience a more frequent bout of pain including both tension-type headache and migraine; which in some cases even leads to depression among females7. Several factors have been considered as a cause of tension-type headaches that includes sleep disturbance, emotional stress, nociceptive muscle pain, muscular tightness, and trigger point on and around the neck8. Various management approaches ranging from the prescription of analgesic medication to lifestyle modification have been recommended by the clinician but the role of physical therapy management approaches has made a substantial advancement in providing the long-term palliative relief to the patients9,10. Multiple Physical Therapy approaches have recently been developed and reported in the literature for providing better results as the treatment approaches of tension-type headache which includes strategies like mobilization, manipulation, combination therapy, the release of Trigger points (TrPs), and application of electrotherapy modalities11,12. This recent advancement in the field of Physical therapy towards the management of tension-type headaches has become the driving force for the writing of this review as much literature is available in the database that has been claiming the efficacy of physical therapy-based management approaches in relieving pain. Hence, the current study is being conducted to determine the effects of physical therapy-based management approaches on tension-type headaches.
Methodology
The guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were followed.
Electronic Databases and Searching Strategies
The researcher incorporated literatures found in the database including Medline, Pedro, Google Scholar, and Web of Sciences. The following MESH words has been used: Tension-type headache, physical therapy, trigger points, and pain. Search Strategies includes use of bullion “and” & “or”
Criteria for Eligible Studies and Participants
Comparative study in which the effects of physical therapy management with conventional treatment approaches are included in the inclusion criteria which determines the impact on intensity, duration, and severity of tension-type headache patients aged >18 years. Articles which are available in full text and English language during the year of 2017 to 2020 have been incorporated as latest research as a source of evidence.
Trials in which any other treatment strategies were incorporated like neck collars and pharmacological pain management strategies other than exercise based approaches were excluded. Besides this, Full-text articles which were unavailable and published articles in which the language was un-preferred were not considered.
Quantitative Analysis
MedCalc Statistical Software was used for quantitative analysis (Version 18.11.3). Inferential statistics were drawn through Continuous measure analysis using a standardized mean difference (SMD). The levels of effect size were measured through Cohen's rule of thumb classification that categories effect size as small= 0.2 to 0.5; moderate=0.5 to 0.8; and large= >0.8. Heterogeneity was determined by the value of I2.
Extraction and analysis of data
The data was fetched according to the publication year, study design, targeted population, intervention type, experimental and control group respectively, and the extracted outcome as shown in table 113,21.
Risk of Bias
Analysis for Risk of Bias was performed on the parameters such as allocation (Random and Concealment), Blinding (Participants and assessment of outcomes), reporting (outcome data and selected), and publication bias22.
Quality Appraisal and Risk of Bias
The risk of bias was analyzed on the basis of the decision of author using Cochrane tool. The tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the domains as shown in Table-1, Figure-1.
Random Sequence Generation
Low level risk of bias had been observed in all nine studies13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21.
Allocation Concealment
Similarly, for all randomized controlled trials, the concealed allocation was marked down to have a minimal risk of bias13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21.
Blinding of Participants and Personnel
Four studies13,14,16,21 considered personnel blinding and the participants, whereas three of the studies15,17,19 showed a less risk of bias and two studies18,20 showed an unknown risk of bias.
Blinding of Assessment Outcome
Four studies14,15,19,21 were found to show a low risk of bias while, four studies13,16,17,20 came up with a high risk of bias14,17,22 whereas only one study18 represented an unknown risk.
Incomplete Outcome Data
All studies were found to have a less risk of bias13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22.
Selective Reporting
All studies were found to reveal a less risk of bias13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22.
Studies | Random Allocation | Allocation Concealment | Participants Blinding | Outcome Assessment Blinding | Incomplete Outcome Data | Selective Reporting | |
Togha et al, 2020 (13) | + | + | + | - | + | + |
|
Gildir et al, 2019 (14) | + | + | + | + | + | + |
|
Álvarez-Melcón et al, 2018 (15) | + | + | - | + | + | + |
|
Kamali et al, 2019 (16) | + | + | + | - | + | + |
|
Imani et al, 2018 (17) | + | + | - | - | + | + |
|
Espí-López et al, 2018 (18) | + | + | ? | ? | + | + |
|
Madsen et al, 2018 (19) | + | + | - | + | + | + |
|
Krøll et al, 2018 (20) | + | + | ? | - | + | + |
|
Ferragut-Garcías et al, 2017 (21) | + | + | + | + | + | + |
|
−, indicates risk of bias (High) +, indicates risk of bias (Low) ?, refers to the defined methodology cannot confirm the risk of bias |
| ||||||
Table 1 Cochrane Collaboration’s Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias of Included Studies
Figure 1 represents the Cochrane Risk of Bias.
Result
A total number N=9 studies were included, after the detailed searching for potentially relevant articles which were published. Searching was performed from various electronic databases. The search strategy produced 790 original articles which were evaluated on the basis of their content and title whereas relevant articles which were full-text were sorted and selected after the elimination of 246 duplications, elimination of articles due to lack of full-text articles, and those which were in un-preferred language. After the full-text screening, only 9 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria targeted physical therapy management approaches on intensity, duration, and severity of tension-type headache. The flow of studies is illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 2 represents the flow of studies in accordance with the PRISMA statement
Author’ Year | Sample Size | Target Population | Study Design | Age | Intervention | Extracted Outcome | |
Intervention Group | Control Group | ||||||
Togha et al, 2020 (13) | 24 | Episodic tension-type headache | RCT | 18-50 years | Dry needling with passive stretching | Passive stretching | Headache intensity (ICHD-3 criteria) and frequency (no of days) |
Gildir et al, 2019 (14) | 160 |
Chronic tension-type headache | RCT | 20-50 years | Dry needling was used on active trigger points for two weeks, with three sessions per week. | Sham dry needling | Intensity, frequency (no of days), and duration of headaches |
Álvarez-Melcón et al, 2018 (15) | 152 | Tension-type headache | RCT | 18-25 years. | Physical Therapy and Relaxation training | Relaxation Exercises | Headache intensity (ICHD-3 criteria), frequency (no of days), and duration |
Kamali et al, 2019 (16) | 44 | Tension-type headache | RCT | N/A | Dry needling. | Friction Massage | Frequency (no of days) and severity of headaches (ICHD-3 criteria) |
Imani et al, 2018 (17) | 75 | Tension-type headache | RCT | 19-50 years | Reflexology treatment | Sham management approach | Headache intensity (ICHD-3 criteria) |
Espí-López et al, 2018 (18) | 78 | Tension-type headache | RCT | N/A | Manual Therapy | Observation | Pain and severity |
Madsen et al, 2018 (19) | 60 | Tension-type headache | RCT | 18-65 years | Strength training using Elastic resistance | Postural and Ergonomics advice. | Frequency (no of days) and Duration of pain |
Krøll et al, 2018 (20) | 52 | Tension-type headache | RCT | N/A | Aerobic activities brisk walking | Normal Routine Activity | Pain, severity, frequency (no of days), and duration |
Ferragut-Garcías et al, 2017 (21) | 97 | Tension-type headache | RCT | 19-60 years | Soft tissue mobilization of cranial muscles | Neural mobilization technique | Pain Intensity and Frequency (no of days) |
Table 2 Descriptive Findings of Studies included in Analysis
Effects of physical therapy-based management approaches Analysis on the intensity of pain
The analysis of various studies revealed that physical therapy intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in reducing headache severity, according to the findings of nine randomized controlled trials. In a random effect model, the pool effects of physical therapy strategies in terms of SMD had an impact of 1.41, which according to a Cohen rule of thumb displays a larger effect of physical therapy management in decreasing pain intensity prominently among tension-type headache patients (Table 2).
The combined effects of physical therapy management strategies on pain intensity were illustrated in figure 3.
Figure 3 represents studies that significantly decrease the intensity of headaches.
Standardized Mean Difference on Pain Intensity
The combined outcome of the studies included in this analysis on pain intensity revealed an effect size of 1.41 (t value -2.664, P 0.008) suggesting a larger effect of the physical therapy-based intervention on pain intensity among tension-type headache patients. A random effect model had been used for interpretation due to the larger percentage of heterogeneity among studies as reflected by the value of I2 = 96.63%.
Study | N1 | N2 | Total | SMD | SE | 95% CI | Weight (%) | |
Fixed | Random | |||||||
Togha et al, 2020 (13) | 10 | 9 | 19 | -0.440 | 0.445 | -1.378 to 0.498 | 4.41 | 10.72 |
Gildir et al, 2019 (14) | 80 | 80 | 160 | -5.164 | 0.329 | -5.813 to -4.514 | 8.07 | 11.11 |
Álvarez-Melcón et al, 2018 (15) | 76 | 76 | 152 | -0.401 | 0.163 | -0.723 to -0.0785 | 32.80 | 11.48 |
Kamali et al, 2019 (16) | 20 | 20 | 40 | -0.402 | 0.313 | -1.036 to 0.232 | 8.89 | 11.15 |
Imani et al, 2018 (17) | 25 | 25 | 50 | -3.043 | 0.412 | -3.873 to -2.214 | 5.12 | 10.84 |
Espí-López et al, 2018 (18) | 21 | 22 | 43 | -0.632 | 0.307 | -1.252 to -0.0117 | 9.24 | 11.17 |
Madsen et al, 2018 (19) | 30 | 30 | 60 | -0.180 | 0.255 | -0.691 to 0.332 | 13.37 | 11.30 |
Krøll et al, 2018 (20) | 26 | 26 | 52 | -0.182 | 0.274 | -0.732 to 0.368 | 11.64 | 11.25 |
Ferragut-Garcías et al, 2017 (21) | 25 | 24 | 49 | -2.342 | 0.367 | -3.082 to -1.603 | 6.46 | 10.99 |
Total (fixed effects) | 313 | 312 | 625 | -1.014 | 0.0934 | -1.197 to -0.831 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Total (random effects) | 313 | 312 | 625 | -1.410 | 0.529 | -2.450 to -0.371 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Test for Heterogeneity | ||||||||
Q | 237.6920 | |||||||
DF | 8 | |||||||
Significance level | P < 0.0001 | |||||||
I2 (inconsistency) | 96.63% | |||||||
95% CI for I2 | 95.12 to 97.68 | |||||||
Table 3 Pool Effect of studies reflecting effect on pain intensity
Effect of physical therapy-based management approaches Analysis on the frequency of pain
Physical therapy intervention demonstrated a significant improvement in lowering the frequency of pain, according to the consequent finding of seven randomized controlled trials it was observed that the frequency of pain among the tension-type headache patients had been reduced as shown in forest plot Figure 4.
Figure 4 represents studies that significantly decrease the severity index among tension-type headaches.
Analysis of the frequency of Pain using a Standardized Mean Difference Model
The analysis revealed an effect size of -0.766 (t value -2.210, P 0.028) which suggest a moderate level of improvement in the frequency of pain among tension-type headache patients. Random effect Model had been used for determining the pool effects due to the high percentage of heterogeneity among different studies I2 = 91.99, represented in table 4.
Study | N1 | N2 | Total | SMD | SE | 95% CI | Weight (%) | |
Fixed | Random | |||||||
Togha et al, 2020 (13) | 10 | 9 | 19 | -0.409 | 0.444 | -1.345 to 0.527 | 4.43 | 12.62 |
Gildir et al, 2019 (14) | 80 | 80 | 160 | -2.145 | 0.198 | -2.535 to -1.754 | 22.31 | 15.13 |
Álvarez-Melcón et al, 2018 (15) | 76 | 76 | 152 | -0.307 | 0.162 | -0.628 to 0.0139 | 33.11 | 15.37 |
Kamali et al, (2019) (16) | 20 | 20 | 40 | -0.378 | 0.313 | -1.011 to 0.255 | 8.92 | 14.08 |
Espí-López et al, 2018 (18) | 21 | 22 | 43 | -0.512 | 0.305 | -1.127 to 0.103 | 9.41 | 14.17 |
Madsen et al, 2018 (19) | 30 | 30 | 60 | 0.0183 | 0.255 | -0.492 to 0.528 | 13.44 | 14.65 |
Ferragut-Garcías et al, 2017 (21) | 25 | 24 | 49 | -1.571 | 0.323 | -2.221 to -0.922 | 8.37 | 13.98 |
Total (fixed effects) | 262 | 261 | 523 | -0.809 | 0.0934 | -0.993 to -0.626 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Total (random effects) | 262 | 261 | 523 | -0.766 | 0.347 | -1.447 to -0.0851 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Test For Heterogeneity | ||||||||
Q | 74.9132 | |||||||
DF | 6 | |||||||
Significance level | P < 0.0001 | |||||||
I2 (inconsistency) | 91.99% | |||||||
95% CI for I2 | 86.06 to 95.40 | |||||||
Table 4 Pool Effect of studies reflecting effect on Pain Frequency
Analysis of the effect of physical therapy-based management approaches on the duration of pain
Four studies out of 9 had determined the effects of physical therapy on the duration of pain and had provided evidence that the impact of physical therapy-based management approaches reduces the duration of pain as depicted in figure 5.
Figure 5 represents the fixed and random effects model as depicted on the forest plot
Standardized Mean Difference analysis on the duration of pain
The analysis revealed that the combined effect of studies at the random effect model showed an effect size of -1.89 (t value -1.747, P 0.081) which suggested a large effect of intervention in decreasing the duration of pain. The pool effect at random effect model was used because of the higher percentage of heterogeneity I2=98.36% as shown in Table 5.
Study | N1 | N2 | Total | SMD | SE | 95% CI | Weight (%) | |
Fixed | Random | |||||||
Togha et al, 2020 (13) | 10 | 9 | 19 | -3.631 | 0.735 | -5.181 to -2.081 | 2.77 | 23.18 |
Gildir et al, 2019 (14) | 80 | 80 | 160 | -3.981 | 0.273 | -4.519 to -3.443 | 20.09 | 25.52 |
Álvarez-Melcón et al, 2018 (15) | 76 | 76 | 152 | 0.0532 | 0.161 | -0.266 to 0.372 | 57.26 | 25.79 |
Krøll et al, 2018 (20) | 26 | 26 | 52 | -0.204 | 0.274 | -0.754 to 0.346 | 19.89 | 25.51 |
Total (fixed effects) | 192 | 191 | 383 | -0.910 | 0.122 | -1.150 to -0.670 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Total (random effects) | 192 | 191 | 383 | -1.896 | 1.085 | -4.029 to 0.237 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Test for Heterogeneity | ||||||||
Q | 182.9143 | |||||||
DF | 3 | |||||||
Significance level | P < 0.0001 | |||||||
I2 (inconsistency) | 98.36% | |||||||
95% CI for I2 | 97.36 to 98.98 | |||||||
Table 5 Pool Effect of studies reflecting effect on Pain Duration
Discussion
The result provided the evidence that physical therapy interventions reported in different studies including this analysis had revealed that the intensity and duration of pain had been reduced with larger effect sizes whereas the frequency of pain had been reduced with an effect size of moderate impact as estimated using a random effect model due to high percentage of heterogeneity among the studies. The findings of our analysis were according to the finding of another study in which the effects of manual therapy were determined on headaches and it was estimated in that analysis that manual therapy was found to be effective in reducing the headache disability index with an estimated effect size -4.01 however in the same study no account has been mentioned in identifying pain intensity, duration, and frequency23.
Similarly, in another study, spinal manipulation techniques effects had been determined on migraine and it was observed that spinal manipulation had a small effect of Hedges g = -0.34 as identified on the frequency of pain. Further, the analysis was performed on n=6 RCTs24. In a study conducted on determining the effects of aerobic exercises in which the studies were incorporated from the period of 1950 to 2009, it had been observed that SMD of 1.25 had been noticed on pain intensity, SMD of 0.76 on frequency, and SMD of 0.41 on duration revealing the fact that exercises had a mild to moderate impact on reliving migraine symptoms pertinent to pain but these reviews were only limited to migraine25. We in this study had come across certain good evidence that physical therapy-based management approaches including dry needling, combination exercises, mobilization, and TrPs releasing strategies were all provided findings favoring tension-type headache management through physical therapy intervention. Hence authors of this study concludes that physical therapy approaches could be a choice of intervention in the pain management of tension-type headaches.
Conclusion
The study has concluded that physical therapy-based management strategies as provided in several RCTs, analyzed in this review article revealed a pool effect of moderate size in managing the frequency of pain and a larger effect size in managing pain intensity and duration. Further, it was concluded that tension-type headaches can be effectively managed through physical therapy-based approaches.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION:
The following authors have made substantial contributions to the manuscript as under:
Conception or Design: Aribah Ahmed
Acquisition, Analysis or Interpretation of Data: Nabeel Baig
Manuscript Writing, Critical Review & Approval: Aribah Ahmed, Dr. Ummul Kiram
All authors acknowledge their accountability for all facets of the research, ensuring that any concerns regarding the accuracy or integrity of the work are duly investigated and resolved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We thanks all the participants in this study.
INFORMED CONSENT: Written Informed Consent was taken from each patient.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The author(s) have no conflict of interest
FUNDING STATEMENTS: Aribah Ahmed
ETHICS STATEMENTS: The study has been approved by the ERC Ziauddin University in the meeting of January 2022 with the referenc code: 4541121AAREH.
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ISSN PRINT: 2311-3863 1 ISSN ONLINE: 2309-7833
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