1
1
2023
1714997254513_4639
25-39
https://journals.researchapt.com/index.php/stbr/article/download/4/3
https://journals.researchapt.com/index.php/stbr/article/view/4
Fintech Continuance Intention Self-Efficacy Theory ECT-IS Model Structural Equation Modeling
Published: 30 June 2023
Accepted: 3 June 2023
Received: 22 January 2023
Vol. 01 | Issue 01 | Pages 25-39 |
Fintech refers to the use of technology to improve the delivery of financial goods and services. It could apply technical innovation to traditional financial services or to new financial services offerings that interrupt the current market. The term fintech has gained popularity in the 21 century or well over a century; it has shaped the way people interact with their money. Fintech is often associated with start-up banks or cryptocurrencies, but its history can be traced to the late 1800s when money was transferred through telegrams or the Morse code. In 2019, $137.5 billion was invested in fintech startups, providing many opportunities for investors. According to Arner (2021), fintech can be divided into several eras.
The infrastructure that would facilitate transnational financial services was built during the Fintech 1.0 period (1886–1967). From 1967 to 2008, there was a period known as fintech 2.0. In 1967, Barclays erected the first ATM and PayPal was launched in 1998. Fintech 3.5 represents a shift away from the financial system dominated by the West or embraces global achievements in digital banking. Payment provider platforms include shopify for e-commerce, house call pro for plumbers, and mental health for yoga studios, giving these businesses a properly connected system to run their businesses. In the ECT model, the following is the procedure through which customers decide to repurchase: Before buying a product or service, customers establish an initial opinion about it. In the second phase, they obtain and use the goods or services. They acquired opinions regarding their performance after a period of initial use.
Third, they assess their perceived usefulness with their initial expectations and the cost of confirming their expectations. Fourth, they developed a sense of satisfaction, perceived ease of use, and impact based on the degree of confirmation or intention that led to confirmation. Finally, satisfied users build a repurchase intention through perceived ease of use, whereas users who find goods and services are difficult to use or are unhappy with goods and services stop using them. The key to creating or sustaining a long-term loyal base for users is perceived ease of use and satisfaction. The researcher now explains the problem statement. The term "fintech" refers to innovative technology that improves the delivery and usage of financial services. With an expectation-confirmation model that combines self-efficacy theory, the major goal of our research is to improve the theories and identify variables that could determine the degree of continuous intention to use fintech. Previous studies (Chen, Chen, Lin, & Chen, 2011; Shiau, Yuan, Pu, Ray, & Chen, 2020) did not include some important factors such as perceived ease of use, self-efficacy, and satisfaction with using fintech, and never investigated the relationship between these variables with self-efficacy and ECT-IS theory in Pakistan.
Past research gaps can be removed by adding factors such as perceived ease of use and financial and technological self-efficacy to the ECT-IS model. In our research, self-efficacy theory is used to examine the continuance intention of fintech users after analyzing the relationship between satisfaction, perceived ease of use, and other variables. Previous studies (Chen, Chen, Lin, et al., 2011; Jatimoyo, Rohman, & Djazuli, 2021; Shiau et al., 2020), researchers analyzed various factors and investigated their relationships using different mediating factors that showed either positive or negative behavior with continuance intentions. However, the researchers did not investigate the relationship between continuing intentions, perceived ease of use, or satisfaction with self-efficacy theory; therefore, the researcher investigated their relationship and examined whether perceived ease of use and satisfaction have positive or negative effects on continuance intentions. Moreover, the researcher analyzed two theories: self-efficacy and ECT-IS theory. The researcher added the perceived ease of use or self-efficacy factor to examine continuing intentions that have not been discussed before. Perceived ease of use is a significant issue to consider when examining the long-term intentions of fintech users.
To explore the correlations within the realm of fintech, this study examines several relationships: between financial self-efficacy and perceived usefulness, between financial self-efficacy and users' confirmation of fintech usage, between technological self-efficacy and fintech users' perceived usefulness, between technological (smartphone) self-efficacy and users' confirmation of fintech usage, between confirmation and users' perceived usefulness of fintech usage, between perceived usefulness and users' satisfaction toward fintech use, between confirmation and users' satisfaction toward fintech use, between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use toward fintech usage, between confirmation and perceived ease of use toward fintech usage, between perceived usefulness and fintech continuance intentions, between satisfaction and perceived ease of use in fintech, between satisfaction and fintech continuance intentions, and between perceived ease of use and fintech continuance intentions. Additionally, this research delves into the mediation effects: confirmation mediates the impact of financial self-efficacy on the perceived usefulness of fintech under the full model, and confirmation mediates the impact of technological self-efficacy on the perceived usefulness of fintech under the full model.
By enhancing transparency, lowering prices, removing middlemen, and making financial data more available, fintech can improve users' experiences with financial services (Hasan, Yajuan, & Mahmud, 2020). By combining self-efficacy with ECT-IS theory, the goal of our research is to enable fintech companies to gain a better understanding of how consumers' financial and technological self-efficacy affect their intentions to continue using fintech. In our study, two independent variables are financial and technological self-efficacy, and one dependent variable is continuance intentions, whereas mediating factors are used to determine the continued intention of fintech users, such as perceived ease of use, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and confirmation. Our research is highly significant for all financial sectors, companies, banks, and all those that use technology for transaction purposes. After learning how to conduct operations, self-efficacy can help individuals improve their ability to complete various tasks. Our research used self-efficacy or ECT-IS theory to better understand customers' intentions to use fintech, as well as the relationship between satisfaction, perceived ease of use, and intentions of fintech use in the future. The Researcher checks whether fintech helps customers by providing fintech products and services, whether fintech products or services are easy to use, or whether customer satisfaction levels increase.
ECT-IS Theory
Expectation-confirmation theory is the most widely utilized conceptual model for understanding users' continuance intentions. Filieri, Acikgoz, Ndou, and Dwivedi (2020) ECT was expanded to build ECT-IS continuance by comparing user continuing intentions with consumer purchasing decisions. The ECT-IS continuation has been adopted and extended from the IS literature to describe users' IS continuance intentions in multiple configurations (Shiau et al., 2020). Most ECT-IS research has either established additional components to improve the ultimate explanatory power or combined ECT-IS theory with various theories to broaden the conceptual base of our study model.
Self-efficacy Theory
The term “self-efficacy” comes from social cognition theory, and it relates to a person’s belief in his capability to complete tasks and achieve goals under given conditions. In other words, a person with greater self-efficacy is highly motivated to put in extra effort to complete a task (Liu et al., 2020). Self-efficacy is a person’s assessment of their capacity to carry out the activities necessary to achieve the desired result (Younis et al., 2021). Zhang, Guo, and Vogel (2020) claimed that self-efficacy does not reflect on what people did previously, but rather assesses what they might be able to do in the future. Furthermore, it is concerned with an individual’s point of view of how he or she will be able to execute a task, rather than their current skillset (Kao, Tsou, & Chen, 2021). According to social cognition theory, a correct assessment of personal efficacy has important practical significance (Wardana et al., 2020). Self-efficacy has been highlighted as a variable that determines consumers' intention to continue using financial services either directly or indirectly (Abbott et al., 2018).
Financial Self-efficacy and Perceived Usefulness
The level at which they believe that the use of an application will help them perform better is referred to as perceived usefulness. Hoseinzade and Mokhtari (2017) state that perceived usefulness is the level at which people feel that installing an application will help them perform their job more effectively. Customers with higher financial self-efficacy believe that they can manage or control their finances (Asebedo & Payne, 2019). Buchanan and LeMoyne (2020) found that people with a greater level of self-efficacy are much more inclined to accept the action or be enthusiastic about the outcome. People with strong financial self-efficacy find advantages over risks in the fintech domain, including profitable investment possibilities. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H1: Financial self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on users’ PU.
Financial Self-efficacy and Confirmation
Confirmation refers to something that confirms or verifies a Christian ceremony by confirming or being confirmed, corroborating, ratifying, and verifying. Self-efficacy is strongly associated with goals. When opposed to people with less self-efficacy set lower objectives for themselves or People with higher self-efficacy set greater objectives for themselves and are more dedicated to achieving them (Buenaventura-Vera, 2017). An Individual with greater financial self-efficacy is highly capable of enduring overwhelming odds, exerting extra thought to reach goals at higher levels (Ahmed, 2019). User expectations were confirmed when their performance met the required expectations. The greater the individuals' financial self-efficacy, the more probable their initial expectations are to be met, resulting in a direct correlation between financial self-efficacy and confirmation. Thus, the researcher proposes the following hypothesis:
H2: Financial self-efficacy positively and significantly affects user confirmation of fintech usage.
Technological Self-efficacy and Perceived Usefulness
Many studies have found that technical self-efficacy influences the utilization of new features is influenced by technical self-efficacy (Shiau et al., 2020). Huang, Teo, and Zhou (2020) indicate that technological self-efficacy affects perceived usefulness more than perceived ease of use. Furthermore, Fintech self-efficacy is a major estimator of perceived usefulness (Baabdullah, Alalwan, Rana, Patil, & Dwivedi, 2019). Moreover, Mbeda et al. (2020) indicated that smartphone self-efficacy had a positive impact on perceived usefulness. Users can manage their finances using smartphone apps or mobile banking. Customers believe that the latest technology is valuable and that users will have a positive attitude toward it. As a result, individuals with strong technological self-efficacy view fintech as more precious. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H3: Technological (smartphone) self-efficacy positively and significantly affects users’ PU.
Technological Self-efficacy and Confirmation
Researchers find that attaining a greater degree of self-efficacy can inspire individuals to put in more work to attain the desired results or confirmation. Hecht‐Höger et al. (2020) stated that individuals' worry about employing technological advancements is minimized by technological self-efficacy. An individual with a greater level of technological self-efficacy is more interested in adapting to changes in technology than an individual with a low level of technological self-efficacy (Yorganci, 2017). These beliefs may aid in the generation of positive behavior and, as a result, the achievement of the desired results. Consequently, the researcher ruled out the following hypothesis:
H4: Technological (smartphone) self-efficacy positively and significantly affects users’ confirmation of fintech usage.
Perceived usefulness, defined as "the extent to which an individual believes that using a particular system will enhance their job performance," is a crucial concept in the ECT-IS theory. According to Nascimento, Oliveira, & Tam (2018), confirmation plays a significant role in determining perceived usefulness, leading to its enhancement. Due to the inherent unpredictability of expectations regarding information system (IS) usage, the original perception of IS usefulness may not remain constant, or it may be altered by confirmation experiences, as noted by Nikou & Economides (2021). Consequently, when users confirm their expectations, it positively influences the perceived value, thereby increasing perceived ease of use or the inclination to utilize it again (Ko et al., 2021). This effect of confirmation on perceived usefulness has been prominently observed in online banking contexts. Additionally, Ismoyo (2020) indicates that the perceived usefulness of smartphone banking services is notably impacted by users' post-adoption confirmation. Therefore, confirmation in fintech usage contributes positively to its perceived usefulness. Based on these premises, the following hypothesis is formulated:
H5: Confirmation has a positive and significant impact on perceived usefulness.
Perceived Usefulness and Satisfaction
Shiau et al. (2020) investigated how an individual’s intention to continue utilizing online banking is influenced by cognitive beliefs and influences and found that one of the most important elements affecting satisfaction is users' post-adoption perceived usefulness. Various studies using the ECT model have demonstrated the direct influence of perceived usefulness on satisfaction (Shiau et al., 2020). Shiau et al. (2020) have proven the validity of perceived usefulness as a factor in online banking. Moreover, Susanto, Ulum, and Ardianingsih (2021) there was a lot of discussion regarding how perceived usefulness affects consumer satisfaction with mobile banking services. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H6: Perceived usefulness has a positive and significant impact on user satisfaction with fintech usage.
Confirmation and Satisfaction
Confirmation refers to the degree to which an individual’s authentic experience verifies one's initial anticipation (Oghuma, Libaque-Saenz, Wong, & Chang, 2016). According to a previous study, confirmation is positively associated with satisfaction (Liu & Shih, 2021). Confirmation contributes to user satisfaction if prior expectations are met or even exceeded (Thong, Hong, & Tam, 2006; Venkatesh & Goyal, 2010). The confirmation world refers to consumers’ assessment of the alignment between their expectations of using fintech and its overall performance. As a result, if customers' initial expectations are met, the use of fintech will satisfy them. Users' initial expectations are updated in concert with the continuous use of fintech. If fintech meets or exceeds expectations, then post-adoption expectations are validated. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H7: Confirmation have a positive and significant effect on satisfaction with fintech usage.
Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use
Users are more willing to accept new technology if it is easy to use and requires less effort and time. Varga and Fodor (2021) describe the perception that utilizing a certain technology will make the effort simpler as perceived ease of use. Dai, Teo, Rappa, and Huang (2020) attempted to investigate how an individual's cognitive ideas and feelings influence their continued intention to use fintech and found that users’ post-adoption perceived usefulness is an important aspect in determining their perceived ease of use. Additionally, various researches using the ECT model have verified the direct impact of perceived usefulness on perceived ease of use (Liu, Yi, Sun, Yang, & Chua, 2021). Although perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are significant variables in IS adoption, they may have an impact on later decisions. Romano, Di Carlo, Andújar, and Rotolo (2021) Moreover, Wirasatriya et al. (2021) went into great detail related to the significance of perceived usefulness in determining perceived ease of use with smartphone banking services. Consumers find a fintech service useful if it is simple to use and makes specific tasks easier for them to complete. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H8: Perceived usefulness has a positive and significant effect on the perceived ease of use with fintech usage.
Confirmation and Perceived Ease of Use
The degree in which one's actual usage experience reflects one's initial anticipation is referred to as confirmation (Gupta, Yousaf, & Mishra, 2020). According to previous studies by Islam, Mäntymäki, and Bhattacherjee (2017), confirmation is directly related to perceived ease of use. Confirmation leads to perceived ease of use once prior expectations are confirmed, or even beyond (Belhadi et al., 2021). Confirmation in the fintech field refers to a consumer's view of the alignment between their expectations and a product's overall performance. The level of confirmation has some effect on perceived ease of use (Zhao et al., 2018). The researcher proposed the following related hypotheses:
H9: Confirmation has a positive and significant effect on perceived ease of use.
Perceived Usefulness & Fintech Continuance Intention
In various situations, such as internet services, information systems, and online commerce, the perceived usefulness of anything is a major factor in deciding what you are going to do (Al Ketife, Al Momani, & Judd, 2020). Moreover, Lim, Kim, Hur, and Park (2019) fintech users' perceived usefulness have a favorable impact on their satisfaction, according to one research, and this association has been confirmed in following investigations (Nascimento, Souza, et al., 2018). As a result, high-value customers who get from fintech are more likely to stick with it for their investments. According to this study, perceived usefulness has a big influence on whether you will keep doing it. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H10: Perceived usefulness has a positive and significant effect on fintech continuance intentions.
Perceived Ease of Use and Satisfaction
Consumers have expectations thereafter, according to related research, and these expectations will impact users' satisfaction with fintech (Bhattacherjee, 2001; Roca, Chiu, & Martínez, 2006) the perceived ease of use or satisfaction that people perceive have a favourable impact. When fintech products and services are easily available to fintech users, their satisfaction level also increases. The following hypothesis was proposed:
H11: Perceived ease of use has a positive and significant effect on satisfaction in fintech.
Satisfaction and Continuance Intention
Satisfaction has been extensively researched in several disciplines as a major indicator of intention. In the IS field, satisfaction is intended to encourage users' intent to use a system in the future (Kim, Song, & Lee, 2021). According to ECT-IS, Consumer satisfaction with IS use influences their decision to use the same IS in future (Brown, Weber, & De Bie, 2014; Yousaf, Mishra, & Gupta, 2021). According to a study on mobile payments, satisfaction has been associated to continue intentions (Ayanso, Herath, & O'Brien, 2015). Furthermore, Zhang, Zhou, Lin, and Sun (2018) proved the beneficial impact of user satisfaction on their decision to continue using e-finance. Thus, the researcher proposes the following hypothesis:
H12: Satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on fintech continuance intentions.
Perceived Ease of Use and Fintech Continuance Intentions
In various domains, perceived ease of use has been extensively examined as an important estimator of continuance intentions. In information systems, perceived ease of use is intended to promote customers' intention to continue using the system. According to ECT-IS, perceived ease of use with IS affects their continuing intention of using the same IS (Khanra, Dhir, Islam, & Mäntymäki, 2020). This link has been demonstrated in several studies. Perceived ease of use is directly related to continuing intentions, according to a study of mobile payments. Furthermore, in the research of Soria et al. (2018) beneficial impact of perceived ease of use on users' continuing intention of using e-finance was validated. Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H13: Perceived ease of use has a positive and significant impact on fintech continuance intention.
Confirmation, FSE and Perceived Usefulness
Confirmation of the mediating role of financial self-efficacy is pivotal in strengthening consumers' perceived usefulness through the affirmation of fintech usage. Positive financial behaviors are linked to financial self-efficacy (Shiau et al., 2020). Fan and Babiarz (2019) discovered that positive financial actions have the most significant overall influence on perceived ease of use as they validate anticipated outcomes. Furthermore, financial self-efficacy pertains to an individual's confidence in their ability to perform specific financial tasks (Tian, Wang, Zhang, & Wen, 2019), reflecting the belief in one's capacity to control and manage their financial circumstances (Asebedo & Payne, 2019). The constructive impact of confirmation on perceived usefulness is evident. For instance, Giri et al. (2019) observed that confirmation significantly affects perceived usefulness in a study concerning users' sustained use of on-demand transportation service applications. Financial self-efficacy shapes confirmation, subsequently influencing the PU of fintech. Hence, the following hypothesis is posited:
H14: Confirmation mediates the impact of financial self-efficacy on the perceived usefulness of fintech in the full model.
Confirmation, TSE and Perceived Usefulness
TSE in the usage of smartphones refers to a person’s impression of what they can do with a smartphone; children may believe that they may install, use apps, and take advantage of various functions developed (Cha et al., 2020). Moreover, users with stronger self-efficacy are much more inclined to interact with tasks or activities according to the theoretical framework of self-regulation. Customers select tasks that they generally want to engage in (Chen et al., 2020). These beliefs may serve to alleviate anxiety, which in turn can help generate desired behavior and, as a result, accomplish desired results. In other words, the users' expectations were met. User perceptions of usefulness were positively associated with confirmation. For example, in a study of hotel apps, the validation of service expectations has a large direct influence on perceived usefulness (Reher et al., 2020). Thus, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H15: Confirmation Mediates the Impact of Technological Self-Efficacy on the Perceived Usefulness of Fintech Under the Full Model.
Our study's main objective is to integrate an expectation confirmation model with self-efficacy theory to improve theory and identify factors that influence continued fintech intention. Figure 1 presents the theoretical framework of the study. In this study, we employ a positivist philosophy that employs a deductive approach. The data for this study were collected from fintech users using online questionnaires. A pilot test was conducted to confirm the validity of the questionnaire's structure by evaluating its logical consistency, comprehensibility, item sequencing, and relevancy. The pilot study included respondents' past experiences with financial technology. Due to the unstable working conditions caused by the pandemic, respondents preferred to conduct all financial transactions through technology.
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Self-efficacyECT-IS
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Figure 1. Theoretical Framework
Our study used a cross-sectional design and a quantitative research strategy for data collection. Our primary goal was to validate and invalidate our proposed hypothesis. Construct and item definitions were derived from previous studies. All elements of fintech continuation should be modelled as reflective constructs. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 indicated "strongly disagree" and 5 indicated "strongly agree.” The study was conducted with ethical considerations in mind, ensuring that the data were collected without any bias or in a neutral environment.
Measurement
Researchers use financial or technological self-efficacy as an independent variable to analyze the continuance intention of fintech users through self-efficacy theory. Researchers used financial self-efficacy as a construct and used five items. One of them is that “I am fully capable of making personal investment decisions” adapted from (Montford & Goldsmith, 2016). In the construct of technological self-efficacy, researchers used four items to measure consumer behavior (Zhou et al., 2014).
The researcher uses perceived usefulness, confirmation, and satisfaction as mediating variables to analyze the continuing intention of fintech users. The researcher used perceived usefulness as a construct and used four items for it (Bhattacherjee, 2001). In the confirmation construct, the researcher used four items to measure consumer behavior regarding fintech (Bhattacherjee, 2001). However, four items were used in the construct of satisfaction. One of them is “I am satisfied with the performance of fintech” and was adapted from (Atchariyachanvanich, Okada, & Sonehara, 2007).
Perceived ease of use was used as a mediating variable, while continuance intention was used as an independent variable. In the perceived ease of use framework, the researcher use six items, and one of them is that “I would find fintech products and services easy to use” and it is adapted from (Davis, 1989) Researchers used five items in the design of fintech continuation intention (Bhattacherjee, 2001). However, in all these construct items, the researcher uses a 5-point Likert scale to measure consumer intention regarding fintech. In a previous study (Shiau et al., 2020), researcher use 7-point Likert scales to collect data.
Data Collection and Procedure
The empirical data gathered through an online questionnaire have numerous advantages compared to traditional paper-based questionnaires, including a shorter response time, reduced costs, and the absence of geographical constraints. Google Forms were employed to disseminate the questionnaires to various fintech users. A total of 324 respondents provided data. With the exception of the demographic questionnaire, all instruments were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 indicated "strongly disagree" and 5 indicated "strongly agree.” Prior to completing the questionnaire, respondents with prior experience using fintech were instructed to read the explanation of the research objectives and privacy assurance. The researcher analyzed the data collected from the online questionnaire to assess the continuance intention of fintech users using AMOS and SPSS. AMOS and SPSS are two software programs utilized for applying statistical tests to the data obtained from the respondents. The SEM approach is more appropriate for our model because of its complexity and the presence of multiple components, indicators, and model interactions.
In this study, researchers used different demographics, such as gender, age, level of education, time of fintech use, and frequency of fintech use. These demographics were chosen by the research because they are related to our research topic, and through these demographics, researchers can easily conduct surveys. Data are collected from Pakistani fintech sectors where females use fintech more than males, which h is why the female percentage is higher than males. Most 20- to 29-year-old people use fintech compared to other age groups, and most of the respondents have bachelor’s degrees. The user’s time to use fintech is one to two years. 2 to 3times/week frequency is higher due to the frequent use of fintech.
Descriptive Statistics and Reliability Test
The internal reliability of the items within the variables was checked using Cronbach’s alpha test. The table below shows that the group of items within the variable has met the requirement of Cronbach’s alpha criteria, as the value for each construct is more than .70, and Cronbach’s alpha value fell between 0.881 and 0.923, indicating that there was no need to remove any item from the data.
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics
Variable | Mean | No of items | Std. Deviation | Cronbach Alpha | Mini | Max |
FinSelf | 3.77 | 5 | .65171 | .923 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
TecSelf | 3.99 | 4 | .71864 | .909 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Confirmation | 3.72 | 4 | .60590 | .881 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
PerUse | 3.80 | 4 | .59664 | .882 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Satisfaction | 3.76 | 4 | .59768 | 876 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
PerEaOfUse | 3.86 | 6 | .57536 | .913 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
FinConIntention | 3.65 | 5 | .56489 | .868 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Note: FinSelf and TecSelf indicate financial self-efficacy and technological self-efficacy, PerUse represents perceived usefulness, PerEaOfUse represents perceived ease of use, and FinConIntention indicates fintech continuance intentions.
For each construct, the mean value ranged from 1 to 5. The maximum value for each construct was 5, whereas the minimum value was 1. In the above-mentioned table, financial self-efficacy has a mean of 3.7796 and a standard deviation of.65171 or .425, which means that it has a normal relation; technological self-efficacy has 3.9977 mean and .71864 standard deviation or .516 is a variance; and confirmation and perceived usefulness have 3.7230, 3.8025 mean and .60590, .59664 standard deviation of .367, .356 are the variances, respectively. Thus, all these variables have a normal relationship, and descriptive statistical analysis shows that this model is a good fit.
Table 2. Model Fit Indicator/ Confirmatory Factors Analysis
CFA indicators | Threshold Range | Observed value |
CMIN/DF | ≤3 | 2.300 |
GFI | ≥0.80 | .837 |
IFI | ≥0.90 | .927 |
CFI | ≥0.90 | .926 |
RMSEA | ≤0.80 | .063 |
Note: CMIN/DF indicates chi-square value or degrees of freedom, GFI stands for goodness of fit index, root mean squared error approximation is called RMSEA, CFI represents comparative fit index, and IFI stands for incremental fit index.
Table 2 lists the model fit indices. The values for each indicator lie within the threshold value, which indicates that our model is a good fit. The threshold value for CMIN/DF, which is also called the minimum discrepancy, should be equal to or less than three, and our observed value for this indicator is 2.300, which lies under the criteria. The observed value for the goodness of fit index (GFI is .837 which is below the threshold value range that should be equal to or greater than 0.80. However, our observed values for IFI and CFI are .927 and .063 respectively, that also lie within the range of threshold values for these mediators, which should be greater than or equal to 0.90. The last indicator for this purpose is RMSEA, whose observed value lies within a range of threshold values less than or equal to 0.08. All indicators for the model fit indices indicate that our framework is a good fit.
Structural Equation Modelling
SEM allows us to examine the structure of interrelationships articulated in a chain of appearance, comparable to a sequence of multiple regression equations (Hair Junior, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 1998). The findings of the hypothesis and regression weights of each variable towards the other variables are presented in the tables 3. In Table 3, the researcher examines the structural equation modeling (SEM). A p-value < .5 indicates significant relationships. "FinSelf" and "Confirmation" have a direct effect of .508 (S.E. = .046), indicating a positive and significant impact. "FinSelf" and "PerUse" exhibit a direct effect of .381 (S.E. = .047), also significant. "TecSelf" shows direct effects on "Confirmation", "PerUse", "Satisfaction", "PerEaOfUse", and "FinConIntention" (.118, .222, .174, .367, and .002 respectively, with S.E. of .042, .043, .043, .038, and .037 respectively). "TecSelf" significantly influences "PerUse", "Satisfaction", "Confirmation", and "PerEaOfUse", but has an insignificant effect on "FinConIntention" (p-value = 0.970). Financial self-efficacy and fintech continuance intention have an indirect effect with an estimated value of .361, S. E. for it is .055, and the p-value for this relational path is positive and significant. Technological self-efficacy and fintech continuance intention have an indirect effect with an estimated value of .188, S.E for it is .045, and P-value shows that it has a positive and significant relational path. Hypotheses 14 and 15 suggest that confirmation mediates the influence of financial and technological self-efficacy, respectively, on perceived usefulness. A formal mediation test, established by Zhao et al. (2010), was used to elucidate the mediation effect. As a result, the study supports H14 and H15. Below Figure 2 present the screenshot of SEM in Amos.
Table 3. Structural Equation Modeling
Relational path | Estimate | S. E | P |
Direct effect |
| | |
FinSelf ---> Confirmation | .508 | .046 | *** |
FinSelf ---> PerUse | .381 | .047 | *** |
FinSelf ---> Satisfaction | .407 | .048 | *** |
FinSelf ---> PerEaOfUse | .367 | .042 | *** |
TecSelf ---> Confirmation | .118 | .042 | .017 |
TecSelf ---> PerUse | .222 | .043 | *** |
TecSelf --- > Satisfaction | .174 | .043 | *** |
TecSelf ---> PerEaOfUse | .367 | .038 | *** |
TecSelf ---> FinConIntenion | .002 | .037 | .970 |
Confirmation ---> FinConIntenion | .322 | .043 | *** |
PerUse ---> FinConIntenion | .141 | .042 | .003 |
Satisfaction ---> FinConIntenion | .111 | .042 | .018 |
PerEaOfUse ---> FinConIntenion | .269 | .047 | *** |
FinSelf ---> FinConIntenion | .116 | .049 | .053 |
Indirect effect |
|
|
|
FinSelf ---> FinConIntenion | .361 | .055 | *** |
TecSelf ---> FinConIntenion | .188 | .045 | *** |
NOTE: FinSelf and TecSelf represent financial self-efficacy and technological self-efficacy, PerUse indicates perceived usefulness, PerEaOfUse represents perceived ease of use, FinConIntention indicates fintech continuance intention, and S.E stands for standard error.
Figure 2. Structure Equation Modelling
Discussion on Results
Through the integration of self-efficacy with ECT-IS theory, this study aims to provide insights for fintech companies and financial institutions regarding the influence of financial and technological self-efficacy on consumers' intentions to continue using fintech services. The study investigates both the direct and indirect effects of financial and technological self-efficacy on fintech continuation intentions. Perceived ease of use, confirmation, satisfaction, and perceived usefulness are all considered as moderators in examining the relationship between financial or technological self-efficacy and fintech continuation intention. Subsequently, each hypothesis will be expounded upon individually. Based on our research findings, "financial self-efficacy exhibits a positive and significant impact on perceived usefulness." This finding aligns with prior studies examining similar variables. For instance, previous research by Shiau et al. (2020) has established a positive association between financial self-efficacy and perceived usefulness. Users' financial self-efficacy has a substantial effect on their confirmation. These outcomes are in line with previous research findings (Hong, Hwang, Tai, & Chen, 2014; Shim, Serido, & Tang, 2012). Outcomes are similar to those made by Farrell, Fry, and Risse (2016) suggested that financial self-efficacy influences individual budgeting results based on personal finance behavior. Furthermore, Shiau et al. (2020) found positive and significant associations between financial self-efficacy and confirmation so, researcher accepts H2 because it is supported by previous findings. The outcomes and findings of our investigation have received both practical and theoretical support. Technological self-efficacy had a positive and significant impact on perceived usefulness and confirmation. Previous studies also demonstrated that the higher a user's feeling of technological self-efficacy, the more they consider technology to be highly valuable (Chen, Chen, & Yen, 2011). Shiau et al. (2020) identified different variables in their study, and positive associations were found between technological self-efficacy and perceived usefulness. These results agree with those of earlier studies (Mateen, Saeed, Shim, & Hong, 2020). However, the study was written by Shiau et al. (2020), where positive associations were found between technological self-efficacy and confirmation, which supports our hypothesis that researchers accept this hypothesis.
This study set out to explore how confirmation impacts perceived usefulness within Pakistan's financial sector. Drawing from Bhattacherjee's insights (2001), we found confirmation to significantly boost perceived usefulness, suggesting that the level of confirmation could shape how consumers perceive fintech. Our own findings supported this notion, revealing a positive link between confirmation and perceived usefulness. Additionally, we delved into how perceived usefulness influences satisfaction within Pakistan's fintech realm, aligning with earlier studies like Shiau et al. (2020), which highlighted a positive correlation between perceived usefulness and satisfaction. Moreover, our research delved into the relationships between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intentions to continue using fintech in Pakistan. Our results echoed past research, showing a strong positive impact of perceived usefulness on perceived ease of use. Furthermore, we confirmed the positive association between perceived usefulness and intentions to continue using fintech, consistent with prior studies.
In our analysis, we examined the mediating role of confirmation using a comprehensive model. Our findings suggested that confirmation partially mediates the influence of financial self-efficacy on perceived usefulness. While we observed significant direct impacts, hinting at potential secondary mediators, further exploration is warranted to uncover these neglected factors in future studies. Additionally, we discovered that confirmation plays a key role in moderating the relationship between technological self-efficacy and perceived usefulness. While technological self-efficacy directly shapes perceptions of fintech usage, confirmation acts to moderate its impact on perceived usefulness. Further investigation is needed to identify potential overlooked mediators in this relationship.
These findings emphasize the importance for fintech providers to consider critical factors like financial and technological self-efficacy when designing their offerings. Addressing these factors could lead to improved customer satisfaction, perceived ease of use, and intentions to continue using fintech, ultimately enhancing the competitiveness of fintech companies. As such, all hypotheses supported by previous research were validated in this study.
Research Implication and Contribution
This research blends self-efficacy theory with the ECT-IS theory to deepen our understanding of users' intentions to continue using fintech services. This notion of persistence in fintech usage hasn't received much attention in prior studies, making this research significant. We introduced two specific types of self-efficacy relevant to fintech: financial self-efficacy and technological self-efficacy, as previous research has highlighted the importance of various types of self-efficacy in different contexts. Overall, self-efficacy can serve as a valuable foundation for future studies to improve effectiveness.
In the realm of fintech usage, previous research hasn't thoroughly explored the relationship between self-efficacy, continuing intentions, and mediating factors like perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and confirmation. Therefore, our study contributes fresh insights to the fintech domain, enhancing our understanding of how users envision using fintech in the future. Given the existing empirical data on the relationship between financial or technological self-efficacy and fintech continuation intentions, our findings will enrich the existing literature.
From a practical standpoint, this study offers insights for financial institutions and businesses, which are facing increasing demand and pressure due to technological advancements in the financial sector. There are two main practical implications derived from our study. Firstly, we underscore the significance of financial self-efficacy among fintech consumers. Despite the absence of a secondary mediator, our study validates the indirect effect of financial and technological self-efficacy on perceived usefulness through the mediation of confirmation. Users' perceived usefulness can be directly influenced by their financial self-efficacy and indirectly by their confirmation of fintech usage expectations.
Secondly, we highlight the importance of validating fintech usage expectations, which significantly influences users' satisfaction and their decisions to continue using the technology. Users' satisfaction and subsequent intentions are shaped by their rational decision-making process in determining their usage, with confirmation influencing their fintech continuation intentions in two indirect ways: through affecting satisfaction and perceptions of fintech usefulness.
It's recommended that fintech companies and financial firms assist consumers in setting appropriate fintech expectations, as excessive expectations can lead to disappointment, while poor perceived usefulness can dampen users' enthusiasm to continue using fintech. Despite the challenge of determining the ideal level of user expectations, it remains a critical aspect of fintech. Identifying the direct and indirect factors influencing user intentions to continue using fintech services can offer valuable insights for businesses to ensure the long-term success of fintech companies.
Study Conclusion
This study integrates self-efficacy theory and ECT-IS theory to understand users' ongoing intentions with fintech. We investigate these theories to discern whether fintech users in Pakistan are inclined to continue using these services. Our research delves into both direct and indirect relationships among various factors, employing mediating factors like perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and confirmation. By utilizing an expectation-confirmation model incorporating self-efficacy theory, we aim to dissect the components that contribute to the level of fintech continuation intention. Data for our study were collected via an online questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Our findings reveal a positive and significant impact among all factors examined.
Limitations, Further Indications, and Suggestions
From the standpoint of self-efficacy, our study aims to evaluate users' intentions to continue using fintech. However, it's important to note that our research is confined to fintech users within Pakistan's financial sector. Consequently, the findings may not be generalizable and could vary depending on different industries and contexts. This study is constrained to a specific industry and a single nation, Pakistan. Future researchers could enhance the generalizability of findings by conducting cross-sector and cross-country studies on similar scenarios.
We focused on examining the direct and indirect impacts of financial and technological self-efficacy on confirmation and perceived usefulness, given their significant influence on fintech continuation intentions. Future research could further explore the direct and indirect effects of domain-specific self-efficacy on fintech persistence. Furthermore, the data collected for this study were cross-sectional. Utilizing longitudinal research methods in future studies could facilitate the assessment of causal hypotheses regarding financial self-efficacy, technological self-efficacy, and other pertinent elements in fintech adoption.
To comprehensively understand the relationship between dependent and independent factors, future studies could investigate additional aspects of variables related to sound financial behavior, such as perceived risk, attitude, and trust. These insights would enrich our understanding of users' fintech continuation intentions.
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